Part I of this Article provides an overview of path dependence theory. It outlines the theory and briefly describes three separate strands of the theory: increasing returns path dependence, evolutionary path dependence, and sequencing path dependence, which are rooted in the economics, biological, and rational choice theory literatures, respectively. Although each of these strands has specific ...

International climate litigation is on the rise, with international courts and tribunals being asked to offer advisory opinions change, several rights-based change claims put forward before human rights bodies courts, economic increasingly engaged issue. This special issue examines these trends seeks better understand how may foster (or, sometimes, impede) action change. In this introduction is...

Title: ASSESSING THE CITY-LEVEL IMPACT OF DRUG COURTS ON CRIME RATES, 19852000. Erin Anderson Orrick, Master of Arts, 2005 Directed By: Professor Gary LaFree Department of Criminology and Criminal Justice Drug court effectiveness is widely debated within the literature. Numerous evaluations of individual drug courts have been conducted, however, only recently has a consensus begun to emerge abo...

One of the central concerns about American policy-making institutions is the degree to which political outcomes can be influenced by interested parties. While the literature on interest group strategies in particular institutions– legislative, administrative, and legal–is extensive, there is very little scholarship which examines how the interdependencies between institutions affects the strate...

Although expert opinion, especially on medical and scientific matters, has been admitted as evidence in court increasingly often since the nineteenth century, psychological or psychiatric evidence has always been treated as a special case and has not been welcomed so readily by the courts. For more than 20 years, the extremely influential Court of Appeal decision in R. v. Turner' had the effect...

iometric systems are mostly used as person identification or verification systems. In the last few decades, the Electrocardiogram (ECG) has been introduced as a most powerful biometric tool for personal/individual identification. ECG has unique cardiac feature to each individual which motivated its use in various identification systems. Recent developments have also shown that person identifica...

Glaucoma is the second leading cause of blindness worldwide and is most notably characterized by progressive optic nerve atrophy and advancing loss of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs). The main concomitant factor is the elevated intraocular pressure (IOP). Existing treatments are focused generally on lowering IOP. However, both RGC loss and optic nerve atrophy can independently occur with IOP at n...

IDPs (intrinsically disordered proteins) play crucial roles in many important cellular processes such as signalling or transcription and are attractive therapeutic targets for several diseases. The considerable structural flexibility of IDPs poses a challenge for rational drug discovery approaches. Consequently, structure-based drug design efforts to date have mostly focused on inhibiting inter...

through the history and since 1933, the iranian rial has declined from 11.2 rials per dollar to almost 8600 rials per dollar today in the parallel or black market. at the same time the official rate has been kept at artificial level most of the time, not consistent with other macro conditions of the country. historically, however, the central bank has adjusted the official rate and brought it i...

When worked out the treatment of Artemisia for Flora Iranica, in several cases no good, determinable material was available, especially from outside of Afghanistan, namely, Iran and the neighbouring Middle Asian regions. This was especially a problem for species of the homogamous group Serephidium. During the work on very rich new material of this group from Iran, collected by V. Mozaffarian (T...