Tomato ringspot nepovirus (TomRSV) produces a 45 kDa movement protein and a 58 kDa coat protein in infected plants. Accumulation of the movement protein in relation to that of the coat protein was studied in infected protoplasts using a monoclonal antibody against the movement protein and polyclonal antibodies against the coat protein. Unlike most other viral movement proteins, the TomRSV movem...

The release of GDP from GTPases signals the initiation of a GTPase cycle, where the association of GTP triggers conformational changes promoting binding of downstream effector molecules. Studies have implicated the nucleotide-binding G5 loop to be involved in the GDP release mechanism. For example, biophysical studies on both the eukaryotic Gα proteins and the GTPase domain (NFeoB) of prokaryot...

Polymers like cellulose (MethocelTM K100MPRCR, K15MPRCR and E4MCR) at different proportions (15-35%) were used to slow the release of theophylline (100 mg) from capsules. Volumetric method for powder filling capsules was used to prepare the capsules. Drug release from capsules was performed using apparatus 1, at 100 rpm and 900 mL of intestinal medium without enzymes (pH 7.5), at 37 °C, followi...

Functional connectivity, the degree to which the landscape facilitates or impedes movement, depends on how animals perceive costs and benefits associated with habitat features and integrate them into a movement path. There have been few studies on functional connectivity in marine organisms, despite its importance for the effectiveness of Marine Protected Areas. In this study, we asked how open...

The explosive pollination mechanism of the prayer plants (Marantaceae) is unique among plants. After a tactile stimulus by a pollinator, the style curls up rapidly and mediates pollen exchange. It is still under discussion whether this explosive movement is released electrophysiologically, i.e. by a change in the membrane potential (as in Venus flytrap), or purely mechanically. In the present s...

PURPOSE To assess the importance of the dynamic movement of the long head of the biceps (LHB) tendon for treatment of frozen shoulder. METHODS 87 consecutive patients (with 88 frozen shoulders) aged 36 to 77 (mean, 54) years underwent arthroscopic capsular release by a single surgeon. Preoperative treatments included rehabilitation, steroid and/or hyaluronic acid injections. The inclusion cri...

Movement and carbon dioxide (CO(2)) release of individual Formosan, Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki and Eastern, Reticulitermes flavipes (Kollar) subterranean termites were recorded simultaneously in real time. Worker, soldier, and pre-alate (nymph) caste termites were recorded over 1-h periods at ambient temperature and normoxia in dry, CO(2)-free air. No evidence of discontinuous gas exchange ...

We prepared a new glucuronide prodrug of cyclopamine designed to target selectively the Hedgehog signalling pathway of cancer cells. This prodrug includes a novel self-immolative linker bearing a hydrophilic side chain that can be easily introduced via"click chemistry". With this design, the prodrug exhibits reduced toxicity compared to the free drug on U87 glioblastoma cells. However, in the p...

Microglia, the immune cells of the central nervous system, are attracted to sites of injury. The injury releases adenosine triphosphate (ATP) into the extracellular space, activating the microglia, but the full mechanism of release is not known. In glial cells, a family of physiologically regulated unpaired gap junction channels called innexons (invertebrates) or pannexons (vertebrates) located...