The earliest fossils of Homo sapiens are reported from in Africa in association with both late Acheulian and Middle Stone Age (MSA) artifacts. The relation between the origin of our species during the later Middle Pleistocene in Africa and the major archaeological shift marked by the Acheulian-MSA transition is therefore a key issue in human evolution, but it has thus far suffered from a lack o...

Multiple system atrophy (MSA) is a fatal oligodendrogliopathy characterized by prominent α-synuclein inclusions resulting in a neuronal multisystem degeneration. Until recently MSA was widely conceived as a nongenetic disorder. However, during the last years a few postmortem verified Mendelian pedigrees have been reported consistent with monogenic disease in rare cases of MSA. Further, within t...

We present a dialectal Egyptian Arabic to English statistical machine translation system that leverages dialectal to Modern Standard Arabic (MSA) adaptation. In contrast to previous work, we first narrow down the gap between Egyptian and MSA by applying an automatic characterlevel transformational model that changes Egyptian to EG′, which looks similar to MSA. The transformations include morpho...

Multiple system atrophy (MSA) is a rare, late-onset and fatal neurodegenerative disease including multisystem neurodegeneration and the formation of α-synuclein containing oligodendroglial cytoplasmic inclusions (GCIs), which present the hallmark of the disease. MSA is considered to be a sporadic disease; however certain genetic aspects have been studied during the last years in order to shed l...

Measurement system analysis (MSA) technique is an important method which is used to analyze statistical discreteness and measurement capability of a measurement system, and also one of quality improvement techniques. The paper describes analysis principle and methods of repeatability and reproducibility (R&R) in MSA, introduces MSA techniques into the field of non-destructive testing (NDT). Bas...

The many differences between Dialectal Arabic and Modern Standard Arabic (MSA) pose a challenge to the majority of Arabic natural language processing tools, which are designed for MSA. In this paper, we retarget an existing state-of-the-art MSA morphological tagger to Egyptian Arabic (ARZ). Our evaluation demonstrates that our ARZ morphology tagger outperforms its MSA variant on ARZ input in te...

BACKGROUND It is unknown whether multiple system atrophy of the cerebellar type (MSA-C) and idiopathic cerebellar ataxia with extracerebellar presentation (IDCA-P) represent distinct entities. OBJECTIVE To investigate the discriminative validity of magnetic resonance imaging in sporadic cerebellar ataxia. DESIGN Basal ganglia and infratentorial structures were screened for signal abnormalit...

Microneurography was used to measure sympathetic outflow in human muscle nerves (MSA) for up to 90 min after the ingestion of 100 g D-glucose, 75.8 g D-xylose, intravenous D-glucose (0.35 g/kg), and 300 ml water. 19 healthy subjects were examined using a microelectrode positioned in the right peroneal nerve. MSA increased from 21 +/- 0.9 bursts/min at rest to 36.9 +/- 4.3 bursts/min 30 min afte...

Objective The characteristics of olfactory impairment in Parkinson's disease (PD), multiple system atrophy (MSA) and progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) have not been determined in detail. We assessed the olfactory function among PD, MSA and PSP patients. Methods A card-type odor identification test, Open Essence (OE, Wako, Japan), which consists of 12 different odorants familiar to Japanese s...

OBJECTIVE To determine the ability of sphincter electromyography (EMG) and post-void residual urine volume (PVR) during a free-flow study and a pressure-flow study (PFS) for distinguishing multiple system atrophy (MSA) from Parkinson's disease (PD). METHODS We retrospectively reviewed 241 case records; both urodynamic study and sphincter EMG were performed in patients with MSA (n = 147) and P...