Observation shows that while democracy is fragile in poor countries, it is impregnable in developed ones. To explain this pattern, I develop a model in which political parties propose redistributions of incomes, observe the result of an election, and decide whether to comply with the outcome or to launch a struggle for dictatorship. Democracy prevails in developed societies because too much is ...

Various categorizations have emerged to describe the growing number of ineffective democracies in the hybrid zone between blatant autocracy and fully effective democracy. Despite differences in terminology, scholars agree that state failure in the enforcement of rule of law is the key factor separating effective from ineffective democracies. Applying this distinction, categorical approaches pre...

A robust approach should be considered when estimating regression coefficients in multi-response problems. Many models are derived from the least squares method. Because the presence of outlier data is unavoidable in most real cases and because the least squares method is sensitive to these types of points, robust regression approaches appear to be a more reliable and suitable method for addres...

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because the underlying physiology of pathological tremor in a parkinson's patient is not well understood, the existing physical and drug therapies have not been successful in tremor treatment. different mathematical modeling of such vibration has been introduced to investigate the problem and reduce the existing vibration. most of the models have represented the induced vibration as a sinusoida...

........................................................................................................ 3 1. What is democracy? Short review of conceptual definitions.................... 4 2. The empirical spreading of democracy in the twentieth and twenty-first centuries: The need for distinguishing between different qualities of democracy ........................................................