Digital documents have advanced only slightly from their non-digital ancestors, incorporating a few such innovations as hypertext links andfull text searching. Even the much heralded advent of multimedia, just as embedded images and video clips, are rather straightforward digital analogs of books and frim. We believe that computer technology makes possible far more interesting and complex digit...

The inverse Schulze-Hardy rule was recently proposed based on experimental observations. This rule describes an interesting situation of the aggregation of charged colloidal particles in the presence of the multivalent coions. Specifically, it can be shown that the critical coagulation concentration is inversely proportional to the coion valence. Here the derivation of the inverse Schulze-Hardy...

We discuss the distribution of ions around highly charged PEs when there is competition between monovalent and multivalent ions, pointing out that in this case the number of condensed ions is sensitive to short-range interactions, salt and model-dependent approximations. This sensitivity is discussed in the context of recent experiments on DNA aggregation, induced by multivalent counterions suc...

This report highlights the advantages of low-affinity, multivalent interactions to recognize one cell type over another. Our goal was to devise a strategy to mediate selective killing of tumor cells, which are often distinguished from normal cells by their higher levels of particular cell surface receptors. To test whether multivalent interactions could lead to highly specific cell targeting, w...

Synergistic multivalent interactions can amplify desired chemical or biological molecular recognitions. We report a new class of multicarboxylate-containing carbocyanine dye constructs for use as optical scaffolds that not only serve as fluorescent antennas but also participate in structural assembly of the multivalent molecular construct. Three generations of carboxylate-terminating multivalen...

Flaviviruses, such as dengue virus (DENV) and West Nile virus (WNV), are among the most prevalent human disease-causing arboviruses world-wide. As they continue to expand their geographic range, multivalent flavivirus vaccines may become an important public health tool. Here we describe the immune kinetics of WNV DNA vaccination and the identification of a CD4 epitope that increases heterologou...