majority of practical terms in ophthalmology were compiled firstly in muslims` medical dictionary. anatomical and pathological terms such as retina and cataract were improved in this lexicon. mohammad ghazi, in journal of azziae, has considered ophthalmology as an innovation which was firstly introduced by muslim arabs. their attempts promoted this science and retained it the best for a long ti...

from bygone to now, colors are aspects of nature that have been regarded scientists. in ancient greece, essence of color and its relationship with light and vision in natural philosophy and especially optics has been studied. results of greek thinkers in the field chromatics, from pythagoras to aristotle through of translating scientific and philosophical texts, received to muslim scholars and ...

The electric light is one of the most important human inventions. Sleep and other daily rhythms in physiology and behavior, however, evolved in the natural light-dark cycle [1], and electrical lighting is thought to have disrupted these rhythms. Yet how much the age of electrical lighting has altered the human circadian clock is unknown. Here we show that electrical lighting and the constructed...

cercis siliquastrum is compatible to soil types and has resistance to climate changes. therefore the study of its germination and growth condition can lead us to correct use for semi-arid lands in iran. in this research the effect of different treatment on cercis siliquastrum germination and growth indices was investigated and the most effective treatment was distinguished. thus, five frequenci...

As abrupt changes in water temperature (thermal shock) triggered a significantly greater cercarial emergence of Fasciola hepatica from experimentally infected Galba truncatula, laboratory investigations were carried out to study the influence of light on cercarial emergence in snails subjected to a thermal shock every week (a mean of 12 °C for 3 h) during the patent period. Thermal shock for th...

Within-canopy variation in light results in profound canopy profiles in foliage structural, chemical, and physiological traits. Studies on within-canopy variations in key foliage traits are often conducted in artificial environments, including growth chambers with only artificial light, and greenhouses with and without supplemental light. Canopy patterns in these systems are considered to be re...

Background: It has been shown that short-wavelength blue component of the visible light spectrum can alter the circadian rhythm and suppress the level of melatonin hormone. The short-wavelength light emitted by smartphones’ screens can affect the sleep quality of the people who use these devices at night through suppression of melatonin.Objectives: In this study, we examined the effects of co...