INTRODUCTION: The nipple-sparing mastectomy (NSM) improves aesthetic results after breast reconstruction through preservation of the entire skin envelope, obviating the need for reconstruction of the nipple areola complex (NAC). NSM, however, is associated with a higher risk for occult pathology and skin necrosis, which can require resection and compromise the reconstructive outcome. In DIEP fl...

This book must be the most thorough and comprehensive up-to-date account of restricted vocabularies English language. In Introduction, author formulates six research questions, which partly aim at design different vocabularies, and, focus on effectiveness definitions based vocabularies. Chapter 1 traces development back to 17th century outlines important stages such as Isaac Pitman's Kaeding's ...

Abstract We may suppose that the truth predicate we utilize in our semantic metalanguage is a two-place relating sentences to contexts, truth-in-context-X predicate. Seeming paradoxes pertaining can be blocked by placing restrictions on structure of contexts. While contexts must specify domain and what context constant denotes relative context, no belong its own domain. A generalization restric...

The Information Flow Framework (IFF) is a descriptive category metatheory currently under development that provides an important practical application of category theory. It is an experiment in foundations, which follows a bottom-up approach to logical description. The IFF forms the structural aspect of the IEEE P1600.1 Standard Upper Ontology (SUO) project. The categorical approach of the IFF ...

Activation of the Notch signaling pathway segregates the non-skeletogenic mesoderm (NSM) from the endomesoderm during sea urchin embryo development. Subsequently, Notch signaling helps specify the four subpopulations of NSM, and influences endoderm specification. To gain further insight into how the Notch signaling pathway is regulated during these cell specification events, we identified a sea...

The well-known regulative properties of the sea urchin embryo, coupled with the recent elucidation of gene regulatory networks (GRNs) that underlie cell specification, make this a valuable experimental model for analyzing developmental plasticity. In the sea urchin, the primary mesenchyme cell (PMC) GRN controls the development of the embryonic skeleton. Remarkably, experimental manipulations r...

We introduce the arrow calculus, a metalanguage for manipulating Hughes’s arrows with close relations both toMoggi’s metalanguage for monads and to Paterson’s arrow notation.

Plotkin has advocated the combination of linear lambda calculus, polymorphism and fixed point recursion as an expressive semantic metalanguage. We study its expressive power from an operational point of view. We show that the naturally call-by-value operators of linear lambda calculus can be given a call-by-name semantics without affecting termination at exponential types and hence without affe...

See related article, pages 1680–1685. Neurogenic stunned myocardium (NSM) is reversible cardiac dysfunction, typically after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH).1,2 The most likely pathophysiology of NSM is a catecholamine surge that leads to transient ventricular dysfunction. The pathophysiology is probably similar to Tako-Tsubo cardiomyopathy3 and cardiac dysfunction caused by fright.4 SAH presents...

We present here MXSL, a subset of XSLT re-interpreted as a syntactic metalanguage for RuleML with operational semantics based on XSLT processing. This metalanguage increases the expressivity of RuleML knowledge bases and queries, with syntactic access to the complete XML tree through the XPath Data Model. The metalanguage is developed in an abstract manner, as a paradigm applicable to other KR ...