Suppose A is wrongfully attempting to kill you, thereby forfeiting his right not be harmed proportionately in self-defense. Even if it were proportionate blow off A's arms and legs stop attack, this would impermissible you could attack by blowing just one of arms. Blowing violates the necessity condition on imposing harm. Jonathan Quong argues that violating consists a rescued: four A’s limbs s...

What is the relation between metaphysical necessity and essence? This paper defends view that one of identity: a special case essence. My argument consists in showing best joint theory essence which just The made against backdrop novel, higher-order logic (HLE), whose core features are introduced first part paper. second investigates context HLE. Reductive hypotheses among most natural to be ex...