TIn the US, one in 1000 births is affected by neural tube [4] defects (NTD). A neural tube [4] defect is a birth defect involving the malformation of body features associated with the brain and spinal cord. An NTD originates from and is characterized by incomplete closure of the neural tube [4], which is an organizer [5] and precursor of the central nervous system [6]. In humans [7], incomplete...

A new monoclonal antibody, MEBL-1, which specifically recognizes melanocytes and their precursors, was used to examine the differentiation of neural crest cells into melanocytes in situ. MEBL-1-positive precursors of melanocytes in the trunk were first detected in mesenchyme located above the neural tube at the level of a wing bud at stage 19, when active migration of neural crest cells along t...

TIn the US, one in 1000 births is affected by neural tube [4] defects (NTD). A neural tube [4] defect is a birth defect involving the malformation of body features associated with the brain and spinal cord. An NTD originates from and is characterized by incomplete closure of the neural tube [4], which is an organizer [5] and precursor of the central nervous system [6]. In humans [7], incomplete...

BACKGROUND Pax3 is a developmental transcription factor that is required for neural tube and neural crest development. We previously showed that inactivating the p53 tumor suppressor protein prevents neural tube and cardiac neural crest defects in Pax3-mutant mouse embryos. This demonstrates that Pax3 regulates these processes by blocking p53 function. Here we investigated the mechanism by whic...

In this study, artificial neural networks have been used to model the effects of four important parameters consist of the ratio of the length to diameter, the ratio of the cold outlet diameter to the tube diameter, inlet pressure, and cold mass fraction on the cooling performance of counter flow vortex tube. In this approach, experimental data have been used to train and validate the neural net...

Neural crest cells, a population of proliferative, migratory, tissue-invasive stem cells, are a defining feature of vertebrate embryos. These cells arise at the neural plate border during a time in development when precursors of the central nervous system and the epidermis are responding to the extracellular signals that will ultimately dictate their fates. Neural crest progenitors, by contrast...