n engl j med 366;6 nejm.org february 9, 2012 485 Gonorrhea is the second most commonly reported communicable disease in the United States, with an estimated incidence of more than 600,000 cases annually. It disproportionately affects vulnerable populations such as minorities who are marginalized because of race, ethnic group, or sexual orientation. Unfortunately, Neisseria gonorrhoeae has alway...

Although definitive proof of a causal role of infection contributing to atherogenesis is lacking, multiple investigations have demonstrated that infectious agents evoke cellular and molecular changes supportive of such a role. Moreover, both Chlamydia pneumoniae and cytomegalovirus exacerbate lesion development in animal models of atherosclerosis and restenosis. The fact that multiple pathogens...

Aspergillosis and candidosis remain the most prevalent opportunistic fungal infections in immunocompromised patients, but diseases caused by the Zygomycetes have become of increasing importance. Exposure to antimycotic drugs with no activity against zygomycetes may be a new risk factor and an explanation for the increasing incidence of zygomycosis. The latter infection occurs only rarely in imm...

swine flu is a new emerging infectious disease originating in mexico . this novel influenza is the present pandemic disease of the world. in this brief paper, the author discusses on conjunctivitis and other eye manifestations in swine flu.   iranian journal of ophthalmology 200921(3):3-4 © 2009 by the iranian society of ophthalmology

dear editor: sir, the present public health problem to be concerned is the e. coli outbreak in europe. this problem started in germany and extended widely. the main presentation of e. coli infection is diarrhea. however, the other non-diarrhea symptoms are also mentioned. focusing on eye manifestations, the conjunctivitis is a topic to be focused. indeed, e. coli is confirmed as an important ca...

Cylospora cayetanensis, an emerging parasitic pathogen of human is being increasingly recognized throughout the world, however the means of transmission and the possibility of a reservoir host remain an enigma. A longitudinal study on cyclosporiasis in different parts of Nepal was carried out from April, 1995 until November, 2000. Fecal specimens were collected from symptomatic and asymptomatic...

Many countries neighboring Malaysia have reported human infections by chikungunya virus, a mosquito-borne togavirus belonging to the genus Alphavirus. However, although there is serological evidence of its presence in Malaysia, chikungunya virus has not been known to be associated with clinical illness in the country. An outbreak of chikungunya virus occurred in Klang, Malaysia, between Decembe...

From January 1982 to May 2000, 17 infections caused by Burkholderia pseudomallei were diagnosed in 15 patients in Taiwan; almost all the infections were diagnosed from 1994 to May 2000. Of the 15 patients, 9 (60%) had underlying diseases, and 10 (67%) had bacteremic pneumonia. Thirteen (76%) episodes of infection were considered indigenous. Four patients died of melioidosis. Seventeen B. pseudo...

The taxonomic evolution of family Enterobacteriaceae has been a dynamic process and continued throughout the 1980s and 1990s. Today, there are more than 30 distinct genera and more than 100 species within the family. Enterobacter genus of family Enterobacteriaceae has gained in recent years the attention of taxonomists, microbiologists and clinicians alike. The members of genus Enterobacter are...