“The primitive view–surely that of Kant–was that whatever is trivial is obvious. We know that this is wrong; and I would put it that the nature of mathematical knowledge appears more deeply mysterious today than it ever did in earlier centuries – that one of the advances we have made in philosophy has been to come to an understanding of just ∗I am grateful to audiences at the Steinfest, Univers...

This article explores the existing literature on social memory in Iran, a growing research area for studying country’s past. The scattered and fragmented nature of across disciplines makes an in-depth thematic analysis important to organize these intellectual efforts. is divided into two parts. first part presents chronological scheme that identifies discusses three distinct phases development....

Finitism, intuitionism, constructivism, formalism, predicativism, structuralism, objectivism, platonism; foundationalism, anti-foundationalism, first orderism; constructive type theory, Cantorian set theory, proof theory; top down principles or building up from below—framework commitments, that is, ideology, permeates the logician’s mathematical life. Such commitments set ∗This paper is based o...