We analyze the relations between Granger (G) non-causality and a notion of structural causality arising naturally from a general nonseparable recursive dynamic structural system. Building on classical notions of G non-causality, we introduce interesting and natural extensions, namely weak G non-causality and retrospective weakG non-causality. We show that structural non-causality and certain (r...

This study attempts to investigate the effect of oil returns and external debt on the government expenditure in Syria over the period 1970-2010. The Johansen cointegration test showed that oil returns and external debt have a positive and significant long run relationship with government expenditure. The Granger causality test indicates unidirectional short-run causality relationships running f...

The principle of causality leads to linear Kramers–Kronig relations (KKR) that relate the real and imaginary parts complex modulus [Formula: see text] through integral transforms. Using multiple generalization Boltzmann superposition for nonlinear rheology, causality, we derived KKR, which order text]. For text], obtained KKR medium amplitude parallel (MAPS) rheology. A special case MAPS is osc...