Normal ranges based on the distribution of single sampies from a large number of individuals reflect both intraand interindividual variation. if the average ratio of these two sources of variation is small, then, assuming gaussian distributions, the conventional normal range will usually include a larger than expected proportion of an individual’s distribution of values. When the average ratio ...

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Left ventricular (LV) midwall fractional shortening (FSmw) reflects systolic function more accurately than LV endocardial fractional shortening (eFS) in patients with increased LV wall thickness. Although the normal reference ranges of LV-FSmw have been suggested in Western population studies, its reference values and age-related physiological changes in Eastern popula...

BACKGROUND Availability of normative reference values for cardiac chamber dimensions, volumes, mass, and function is a prerequisite for the accurate application of echocardiography for both clinical and research purposes. However, due to the lack of consistency in current echocardiographic 'reference values', their use for clinical decision-making remains questionable. AIMS The aim of the 'No...

Objective To establish normal reference ranges for cardiac valve crosssectional areas (CSAs) in preterm infants and their correlation with gestational age, body weight, and chronological age. Materials and Methods In a prospective study, 268 preterm babies fulfilling the criteria for inclusion were examined. Echocardiograms were performed to measure aortic, pulmonary, mitral, and tricuspid va...

BACKGROUND Interpretation of laboratory test results with appropriate diagnostic accuracy requires reference or cutoff values. This study is a comprehensive determination of reference values for hematology and clinical chemistry in apparently healthy voluntary non-remunerated blood donors and pregnant women. METHODS AND FINDINGS Consented clients were clinically screened and counseled before ...

AIMS Availability of normative reference values for cardiac chamber quantitation is a prerequisite for accurate clinical application of echocardiography. In this study, we report normal reference ranges for cardiac chambers size obtained in a large group of healthy volunteers accounting for gender and age. Echocardiographic data were acquired using state-of-the-art cardiac ultrasound equipment ...

Plasma specimens from male blood donors gave a normal range for uric acid concentration of 3.3 to 7.5 mg/100 ml. Specimens from male outpatients, which were received in the laboratory for the analysis of urea but not of uric acid and proved to have normal concentrations of urea, showed a positively skewed distribution of values for uric acid from which a ;normal range' of 3.2 to 7.6 mg/100 ml w...

AIMS The definition of normal values of two-dimensional speckle-tracking echocardiography derived left ventricular (LV) deformation parameters, is of critical importance for the routine application of this modality in children. The objectives of this study were to perform a meta-analysis of normal ranges for longitudinal, circumferential and radial strain/strain rate values and to identify conf...

Assessment of the breathing pattern at maximal exercise in patients is limited because the range of ventilatory responses (minute ventilation; tidal volume; respiratory rate) at maximal exercise in normal humans is unknown. We studied 231 normal subjects (120 women; 111 men) equally distributed according to age from 20 to 80 years. Each subject performed a progressive incremental cycle ergomete...