BACKGROUND In the 1980s, many medical organizations identified the prevention of nuclear war as one of the medical profession's most important goals. An assessment of the current danger is warranted given the radically changed context of the post-Cold War era. METHODS We reviewed the recent literature on the status of nuclear arsenals and the risk of nuclear war. We then estimated the likely ...

Abstract One of the central components Treaty on Prohibition Nuclear Weapons (TPNW) is its victim assistance and environmental remediation provisions (known collectively as Treaty’s ‘positive obligations’). While there much to celebrate about efforts remedy damage caused by nuclear weapons, way TPNW distributes responsibility for this work troubling. Under Treaty, primary fulfilling positive ob...

Verification of current nuclear arms control treaties between United States and Russia relies primarily on the verification of delivery vehicles. Warheads are counted indirectly via the delivery vehicles that they are associated with. As states move to lower numbers of nuclear weapons in their arsenals, verification will likely pose complex challenges. Most importantly, future nuclear disarmame...

Throughout the 1990s, the United States national security establishment gradually espoused the idea of a growing threat posed by the proliferation of a variety weapons and weapons technologies that could cause mass casualties to combatants and noncombatants alike. Nuclear weapons had long occupied the rhetorical space used by policy makers to describe weapons that could kill on a mass scale, bu...

This study addresses the issue of proliferation weapons mass destruction, which includes possession chemical weapons, biological and nuclear weapons. The international community endeavors to mitigate dangers posed by trade in destruction. Changes technology have contributed a shift sources funding for Financial institutions are susceptible being utilized as conduit money laundering financing Th...