Here we review the structural and functional properties of organic anion transporters (OAT1, OAT2, OAT3) and organic cation transporters (OCTN1, OCTN2, OCT1, OCT2, OCT3), some of which are involved in renal proximal tubular organic anion and cation secretion. These transporters share a predicted 12-transmembrane domain (TMD) structure with a large extracellular loop between TMD1 and TMD2, carry...

The measurement of glomerular filtration rate by the clearance of inulin or creatinine has evolved over the past 50 years into an estimated value based solely on plasma creatinine concentration. We have examined some of the misconceptions and misunderstandings of the classification of renal disease and its course, which have followed this evolution. Furthermore, renal plasma flow and tubular fu...

The effect of K-deficiency on the putrescine biosynthetic enzyme, arginine decarboxylase (ADC), was investigated by growing oat (Avena sativa L. var Victory) plants on a low-K, but otherwise complete nutrient medium in washed quartz sand for up to 18 days. Enzyme activity rose as the concentration of KCl was dropped to 0.6 millimolar or below. However, growth was not inhibited significantly at ...

The vision of semantic Web Services is to provide the means for fully automated discovery, composition and invocation of loosely coupled software components. One of the key efforts to address this “semantic gap” is the well-known OWLS ontology (The DAML Services Coalition 2003). However, software engineers who are developing Web Services usually do not think in terms of ontologies, but rather i...

Carboxypeptidase activity (hydrolysis of N-carbobenzoxy-l-phenylalanyl-l-alanine) is high in a number of temperate zone cereals, originating in Asia Minor (wheat, barley, oats, wild oats, rye, triticale) compared to other cereals originating in central America or Asia (maize, sorghum, rice). However, endopeptidase activity (hydrolysis of azocasein or hemoglobin) is relatively much higher in the...

For several weeks, three ponies kept in an environment with controlled light and temperature, were studied for behaviour (time spent in recumbency and time required to consume hay or oats) and for electrical activity of the brain (cortical and sub-cortical) during the night phase of the circadian rhythm. Recumbency was adopted by all the ponies for six or seven periods during the night. With a ...

The adoption of standards for exchanging information across the web could present a new world of opportunities for data integration and aggregation systems, the deployment of which could be greatly simplified using Web Service protocols. Although Web Services simplify the discovery and access of information sources, the problem of semantic heterogeneity remains: how to find semantic corresponde...

Fifty Merino weaner sheep grazing on a wheat stubble at Wongan Hills were fed ad lib. either oat grain mixed with limestone (2% w/w) or just oat grain during the summer and autumn of 1985. The addition of limestone to the oat supplement increased the growth of the sheep from 39 g/day to 83 g/day (P<O.OOl) during the first 70 days of feeding. A summer thunderstorm resulted in a brief germination...

Oats are a uniquely nutritious food as they contain an excellent lipid profile and high amounts of soluble fibre. However, an oat kernel is largely non-digestible and thus must be utilised in milled form to reap its nutritional benefits. Milling is made up of numerous steps, the most important being dehulling to expose the digestible groat, heat processing to inactivate enzymes that cause ranci...