The dual origin of population II 7Li, in both big bang nucleosynthesis and galactic cosmic-ray nucleosynthesis is discussed. It is argued that with additional 6Li data, stringent limits on the degree of 7Li depletion can be obtained. 7Li depletion is also constrained by the concordance of big bang predictions with observational determinations of light element abundances. Stringent limits can al...

The early evolution of living birds has been sharply debated, with two disparate interpretations. Molecularclock studies consistently date the emergence of modern bird orders at ,100 million years ago or older, coincidental with major continental breakup. This is supported by some biogeographers who use phylogenetics, accept an ancient evolutionary origin and use historical geology to guide the...

CIENCE IS a congeries of great quests, and cosmology is the grandest of the great quests. Taking as its province the universe as a whole, cosmology addresses the old, the ineradicable questions about space and time, nature and destiny. It is not a subject for the tame or the timid. For the first half of the 20th century, cosmology remained a discipline apart, as a clutch of talented but otherwo...

In this paper we review the present status of observations of the Big Bang elements D, 3He, 4He and 7Li and of their extrapolation to the primordial values. It is shown that, within the errors, the abundances are consistent with the predictions of the standard Big Bang nucleosynthesis for 1 ≤ η10 ≤ 6, which corresponds to 0.004 ≤ Ωbh 2 0 ≤ 0.02. Narrower consistencies in η10 are still possible ...

The role of neutrinos in big bang nucleosynthesis is discussed. The bounds on the number of neutrino families, neutrino degeneracy, parameters of neutrino oscillations are presented. A model of chemically inhomogeneous, while energetically smooth, universe created by inhomogeneous cosmological neutrino asymmetry is described. Nucleosynthesis limits on production of right-handed neutrinos are co...

By the early 1970s, more than thirty years ago, scientific “consensus” was reached that the Big Bang was indeed the way it all must have happened. New theoretical ideas came along to support the details: inflation, to quickly move the explosion away from a singularity; baryogenesis, to initially make all the matter from the hot soup; string theory, to explain some of these details; and early fl...

The “Axis of Evil” and related controversy surrounding the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) has focused on the quadrupole and octopole and their rotations. This paper shows how, from the perspective of Vedic Physics, scientists have misinterpreted data on the quadrupole and this had led to the controversy surrounding the CMB, which, by the way, is actually the e logarithm of 2.718...the state ...

The standard Big Bang cosmology predicts the existence of an, as yet undetected, relic neutrino background, similar to the photons observed in the cosmic microwave background. If neutrinos have mass, then such relic neutrinos are a natural candidate for the dark matter of the universe, and indeed were the first particles to be proposed for this role. This possibility has however been increasing...

A successor to the standard hot big-bang cosmology is emerging. It greatly extends the highly successful hot big-bang model. A key element of the New Standard Cosmology is dark energy, the causative agent for accelerated expansion. Dark energy is just possibly the most important problem in all of physics. The only laboratory up to the task of studying dark energy is the Universe itself.