OBJECTIVE To evaluate the construct validity of children's approach-avoidance coping and distress during immunizations, and to examine the instruments used to assess these domains. METHODS We used a multitrait-multimethod matrix to examine the validity of the approach-avoidance coping and distress constructs for 62 4- to 6-year-old children receiving immunization injections. Assessment instru...

There are sentinel events and near misses associated with leadership and management, as well as the clinical process of health care. We should hold ourselves accountable to the same level of rigor and analysis of these events and near misses as we expect from clinicians. Research and analysis will continue to help us understand the science behind the power of truth telling and apology.

Surveys are widely used instruments to collect research data. Although surveys may appear relatively benign and easily unlinked to participants, considerations for the ethical conduct of research with surveys are important. Maintaining scientific rigor is essential. This article explores ethical tenets in relation to informed consent and scientific consent when using surveys.

Roads impede animal movement, which decreases habitat accessibility and reduces gene flow. Ecopassages have been built to mitigate this but there is little research with which to evaluate their effectiveness, owing to the difficulty in accessing results of existing research; the lack of scientific rigor in these studies; and the low priority of connectivity planning in road projects. In this ar...

Three experiments were conducted to study sow and pig behavior during the 1st 3 d after birth and pig survival during the 1st 2 wk after farrowing. In Exp. 1, 23 sows were housed in conventional farrowing crates that were divided into five sections: a .5- x 1.5-m front creep section and the remaining area divided into four sections, .75 x 1.05 m each. Air temperature was maintained at 19 degree...

SummaryHaving identified that the lack of replicability of results in earlier phases of clinical medical research stems largely from unattended selective inference, we offer a new hierarchical weighted false discovery rate controlling testing procedure alongside the single-level weighted procedure. These address the special structure of clinical research, where the comparisons of treatments inv...

Research is vital to accurately describe phenomena in humanitarian emergency situations and to evaluate the effectiveness and appropriateness of interventions. Although the ethical principles of justice, beneficence and respect for autonomy respect for persons should be upheld in research, their application in emergency situations may differ from non-emergency situations. Just like in non-emerg...

OBJECTIVES To compare different methods to handle treatment when developing a prognostic model that aims to produce accurate probabilities of the outcome of individuals if left untreated. STUDY DESIGN AND SETTING Simulations were performed based on two normally distributed predictors, a binary outcome, and a binary treatment, mimicking a randomized trial or an observational study. Comparison ...

As the first step in developing an optimal foraging model for moose (Belovsky 1978), a time-energy budget for a moose was developed. For the summer period (late May through early September) at Isle Royale National Park, Michigan, we made various behavioral observations on feeding moose and inventoried their food resources. Employing these various sets of data, we were able to determine the quan...

Human scent identification is based on a matching-to-sample task in which trained dogs are required to compare a scent sample collected from an object found at a crime scene to that of a suspect. Based on dogs' greater olfactory ability to detect and process odours, this method has been used in forensic investigations to identify the odour of a suspect at a crime scene. The excellent reliabilit...