Matrix vesicles (MVs) induce calcification during endochondral bone formation. Experimental methods for structural, compositional, and functional analysis of MVs are reviewed. MV proteins, enzymes, receptors, transporters, regulators, lipids and electrolytes are detailed. MV formation is considered from both structural and biochemical perspectives. Confocal imaging of Ca(2+) and H(+) were used ...

Electrocrystallization of hydroxyapatite (HAp) on titanium was achieved by cathodic polarization in solution containing calcium nitrate and ammonium dihydrogen phosphate. The composition and pH of the bath were found to significantly affect the nature and surface morphology of the deposit. The effect of bath temperature was also studied. X-ray diffraction tests and microscopic inspections confi...

Bisphosphonates (BPs) are a class of synthetic pyrophosphate analogs that can prevent the loss of bone mass, given orally to treat postmenopuasal osteoporosis. It is not clear yet if the benefits of BPs include the possibility of affecting bone apatitic precursors transition for bone consolidation except for encouraging osteoclasts to undergo apoptosis. Furthermore, the complexity of the in viv...

Basic calcium phosphate (BCP) crystals are associated with severe osteoarthritis and acute periarticular inflammation. Three main forms of BCP crystals have been identified from pathological tissues: octacalcium phosphate, carbonate-substituted apatite, and hydroxyapatite. We investigated the proinflammatory effects of these BCP crystals in vitro with special regard to the involvement of the NL...

Porous bioactive glasses are attractive for use as bone scaffolds. There is increasing interest in strontium containing bone grafts, since strontium ions are known to up-regulate osteoblasts and down regulate osteoclasts. This paper investigates the influence of partial to full substitution of strontium for calcium on the dissolution and phase formation of a multicomponent high phosphate conten...

The form, location, and distribution of fluorhydroxyapatite deposited in dental plaque by a urease-mediated mineral enrichment process have been studied by transmission electron microscopy. Artificial plaque was formed in terylene gauze in the mouth of one subject and immersed for five min four times per day in a mineral-enriching solution. Contralateral control plaque remained untreated. The e...

In chemistry of inorganic crystals, the octacalcium phosphate (OCP) is an apatite based crystals and having a hydrated layers which used in producing needle or plate-shaped hydroxyapatite (HAP) nanocrystals. Although, prepared by dissolution precipitation reaction. These reaction led to hexagonal HAP nanocrystals formation under hydrothermal condition from OCP at 180 for 3 hours with pH solutio...

Calcium-containing crystal deposition diseases represent a group of clinically heterogeneous calcific diseases that are a significant source of morbidity.1 Phosphorylated carboxylic acids are powerful inhibitors of biological crystallization as it relates to those diseases.2 Phosphocitrate (PC), a naturally occurring compound (Chart 1),3 is particularly potent. It has been demonstrated to inhib...