Yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisae) β-1,3 glucans were used as adjuvant in a Vibrio damsela vaccine for turbot (Scophthalmus maximus L.). Turbot were injected with the adjuvant prior, at the same time and after the vaccine. Several immune parameters (index and rate of phagocytosis, passive haemolytic plaque numbers, and agglutinating antibody titers) were determined at different times postinoculati...

In the autumn of 1963, 1,679 employees at two U.K.A.E.A. establishments were inoculated with a single dose (0 25 ml.) of polyvalent oil-adjuvant influenza vaccine. In a non-epidemic winter, no significant improvement in certified sickness absence could be demonstrated in the vaccinated group when compared with a randomly selected uninoculated group. In particular, no real protection was shown, ...

In the preclinical development of immunotherapy candidates, understanding the mechanism of action and determining biomarkers that accurately characterize the induced host immune responses is critical to improving their clinical interpretation. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was used to evaluate in vivo changes in lymph node size in response to a peptide-based cancer vaccine therapy, formulate...

The New York 1999 strain of West Nile virus (WNV) is nearly 100% fatal in the American crow (Corvus brachyrhynchos). We evaluated four WNV vaccine formulations in American crows, including intramuscular (i.m.) DNA vaccine, i.m. DNA vaccine with adjuvant, orally administered microencapsulated DNA vaccine, and i.m. killed vaccine. Neutralizing antibodies developed in approximately 80% of crows th...

Rapid production of influenza vaccine antigen is an important challenge when a new pandemic occurs. Production of recombinant antigens in plants is a quick, cost effective and up scalable new strategy for influenza vaccine production. In this study, we have characterized a recombinant influenza haemagglutinin antigen (HAC1) that was derived from the 2009 pandemic H1N1 (pdmH1N1) virus and expres...

haemorrhagic septicaemia (hs) vaccine which is prepared in razi institute is used in endemic areas ofiran. aluminum-hydroxide gel was used as adjuvant for preparing this vaccine. post-vaccinal shock reactionswere the main complaint after use of this vaccine. in a previous study, we could improve the vaccine byalum-precipitation pasteurella multocida cells and removing the liquid phase. in this ...

Hobson, Lane, Beare, and Chivers (I964) found high haemagglutination-inhibiting (H.I.) antibody titres in the sera of almost half their volunteers who had been inoculated with an oil-adjuvant influenza vaccine more than two years previously. The antibody titres which were found suggest that if artificially induced antibodies are as effective as naturally acquired antibodies (a supposition by no...

Elderly people are at high risk for influenza-related morbidity and mortality due to progressive immunosenescence. While toll-like receptor (TLR) agonist containing adjuvants, and other adjuvants, have been shown to enhance influenza vaccine-induced protective responses, the mechanisms underlying how these adjuvanted vaccines could benefit the elderly remain elusive. Here, we show that a split ...

BACKGROUND Unprecedented spread between birds and mammals of highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAI) of the H5N1 subtype has resulted in hundreds of human infections with a high fatality rate. This has highlighted the urgent need for the development of H5N1 vaccines that can be produced rapidly and in sufficient quantities. Potential pandemic inactivated vaccines will ideally induce su...

BACKGROUND Classical swine fever (CSF) or hog cholera is a highly contagious swine viral disease. CSF endemic countries have to use routine vaccination with modified live virus (MLV) vaccines to prevent and control CSF. However, it is impossible to serologically differentiate MLV vaccinated pigs from those infected with CSF virus (CSFV). The aim of this study is to develop a one-dose E2-subunit...