Abstract Background and Aims Patients who inject drugs (PWIDs) represent a uniquely difficult population to manage with haemodialysis, often reliance on tunneled venous access. This is historically reach, their care usually associated higher per capita healthcare costs [1], unsurprisingly poor outcomes are reported [2] multitude of likely causes. Here we show the time opportunity these patients...

Addressing serious grassland degradation without exacerbating already low herder incomes is a major challenge for the Chinese government. In response, Grassland Ecosystem Subsidy and Award Scheme (GESAS) was introduced in 2011 where herders receive payments if they comply with specified stocking rates set at more sustainable levels. However, compliance GESAS, as well some years, an ongoing issu...

Time to Vote? Despite the centrality of voting costs to the paradox of voting, little effort has been made to accurately measure these costs outside of a few spatially limited case studies. In this paper, we apply Geographic Information Systems (GIS) tools to validated national election survey data from New Zealand. We calculate distance and travel time by road from the place of residence to th...

Kurzban and colleagues carry forward an important contemporary movement in cognitive control research, tending away from resource-based models and toward a framework focusing on motivation or value. However, their specific proposal, centering on opportunity costs, appears problematic. We favor a simpler view, according to which the exertion of cognitive control carries intrinsic subjective costs.

In this chapter we look at the strategic issue facing firms regarding whether or not to remanufacture their used products. We identify some direct costs of remanufacturing as well as some opportunity costs that should be included in a firm’s decision to remanufacture or support the secondary market of remanufactured products. We also explore how this decision may change under different competit...