When developing Japanese text-to-speech (TTS) systems, algorithms to accurately predict accent types of each constituent phrase is essential for better output speech quality. In our previous studies on the accent type estimation, a CRF-based method was realized. Although this method outperformed the conventional rule-based method, the estimation accuracy of particular phrases such as those incl...

The concept represented by the term “zeitgeist” is such a universally appealing one that “zeitgeist” is one of the few loanwords adopted into English whole cloth from the modern German language. Literally translated, the term means “ghost of time”, but the term is mostly commonly used to represent the idea of the “spirit of the era”. In this paper, we inquire about the spatial component of this...

The Gospel of Mark contains numerous loanwords and code switches from Aramaic to Greek. These borrowed terms were not unconscious developed important social, literary andnarrative functions in key passages the Gospel. This article considers how Old Syriac versions Peshitta have treated these given that translators native speakers by been altered due translation process.

in rural tanzania, recent major influences happen between kiswahili and english to ethnic languages rather than ethnic languages, which had been in contact for so long, influencing each other. in this work, i report the results of investigation of lexical changes in indigenous languages that aimed at examining how ethnic communities and their languages, namely cushitic iraqw, nilotic datooga, n...

1. The language and its speakers 1.1. Sociohistorical background Saramaccan is an Atlantic creole spoken primarily in Suriname, though there are also speakers in French Guiana as well as a substantial diaspora population in the Netherlands. The fifteenth edition of the Ethnologue estimates that there are about 26,000 speakers of the languages. It is a maroon creole—that is, a creole spoken by d...