Many countries in Europe, which have significant pharmaceutical industries, recently have embarked on reforms in the organization of their health care systems and methods of regulating the pharmaceutical market. This paper describes the different systems in major European countries and the changes taking place. Although it is too early to make final judgment on the impact of these changes, it i...

‘‘The scale and complexity of today’s biomedical research problems demand that scientists move beyond the confines of their individual disciplines and explore new organizational models for team science. Advances in molecular imaging, for example, require collaborations among diverse groups—radiologists, cell biologists, physicists, and computer programmers.’’ —National Institutes of Health Road...

Considering contemporary developments and challenges, to achieve organizational excellence, universities must undergo digital transformation, relying on knowledge of integrating information technology into all their fields services.
 
 This study aimed examine the impact four dimensions transformation:  strategic requirements, culture human resource technological legislative ...

The landscape of your career has changed. Yours and other organizations must increasingly rely on effective leadership at all levels to motivate people in new ways. Safety professionals have long been the mainstay of EHS performance. Even as methodologies evolve, new tools emerge, and thinking changes, organizations have counted on these practitioners to guide the core of EHS functioning. Still...

This Chapter provides a survey of the economics literature on multi-sided platforms with particular focus on competition policy issues, including market definition, mergers, monopolization, and coordinated behavior. It provides a survey of the general industrial organization theory of multi-sided platforms and then considers various issues concerning the application of antitrust analysis to mul...

Background: Doctoral students have much higher risk of anxiety or depression than general population. worldwide are facing varying degrees mental health risks. Method: Based on the survey data 6,812 doctoral in Nature 2019, Probit and Logit models used to explore correlation between fit education training process students. Results: (1) The environment has a significant positive impact their hea...