Perennial woodland herbs in the genus Thalictrum exhibit high diversity of floral morphology, including four breeding and two pollination systems. Their phylogenetic position, in the early-diverging eudicots, makes them especially suitable for exploring the evolution of floral traits and the fate of gene paralogs that may have shaped the radiation of the eudicots. A current limitation in evolut...

The intention of this review is to discuss floral initiation of horticultural trees. Floral initiation is best understood for herbaceous species, especially at the molecular level, so a brief overview of the control of floral initiation of Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh.) precedes the discussion of trees. Four major pathways to flowering have been characterized in Arabidopsis, inc...

We show that the loop spaces on real projective spaces are topologically approximated by the spaces of rational maps RP → RP. As a byproduct of our constructions we obtain an interpretation of the Kronecker characteristic (degree) of an ornament via particle spaces.

In contrast to the conservation of floral organ order in angiosperm flowers, nectary glands can be found in various floral and extrafloral positions. Since in Arabidopsis, the nectary develops only at the base of stamens, its specification was assayed with regard to the floral homeotic ABC selector genes. We show that the nectary can form independently of any floral organ identity gene but is r...

A range of some Iranian monofloral honeys were assayed for antibacterial activity with and without hydrogen peroxide which is inactivated by the addition of catalase. I t was found that the high amount of antibacterial activity in honeys was due to a factor other than hydrogen peroxide. The test microorganism Staphylococcus aureus, was not inhibited by the acidity or the osmolarity of the h...

Abstract Twisting through a dissonant flattened 7th now more commonly recognized as the Jazz ‘blue’ 7th, ‘English’ cadence is distinctive feature of early modern English music. Typically embedded within texture piece in an inner part, this voice-leading pattern works by pulling against its own regularity: it highlights predictability, regularity cadence, spiralling, just briefly, into unpredict...

The article is devoted to defining the place and role of textured formations techno-ornament in modern design, setting out features their use methods obtaining. sources artistic attitude texture material creation works decorative applied art, interiors are briefly outlined, importance increased attention them period revealed. A special assigned techno-ornamentation, which has arisen high-tech c...

Shoot and floral meristem activity in higher plants is controlled by complex signaling networks consisting of positive and negative regulators. The Arabidopsis ULTRAPETALA1 (ULT1) gene has been shown to act as a negative regulator of meristem cell accumulation in inflorescence and floral meristems, as loss-of-function ult1 mutations cause inflorescence meristem enlargement, the production of ex...

MADS box genes play important roles in specifying floral meristem and floral organ identity. We characterized the temporal and spatial expression patterns of two members of this gene family, AGL4 and AGL5 (for AGAMOUS [AG]-like). AGL4 RNA initially accumulates after the onset of expression of the floral meristem identity genes but before the onset of expression of the floral organ identity gene...

Traditionally, plant-pollinator interactions have been interpreted as pollination syndrome. However, the validity of pollination syndrome has been widely doubted in modern studies of pollination ecology. The pollination ecology of five Asian Buddleja species, B. asiatica, B. crispa, B. forrestii, B. macrostachya and B. myriantha, in the Sino-Himalayan region in Asia, flowering in different loca...