In a recent compilation of lessons learned about decentralization, Roy Bahl (1999) highlighted three channels through which central interventions often undermine the discipline of a hard budget constraint for local governments. These are “deficit grants” to cover year-end deficits on local government budgets, direct central government coverage of shortfalls on specific items of expenditure, and...

With the large-scale volatility and uncertainty of centralized grid connection wind power, dimensionality disaster problem farm cluster (WFC) scheduling optimization calculation becomes more significant. In view these challenges, a distributed active power optimal dispatch model for WFC based on alternating direction multiplier method (ADMM) is proposed, analytical description distribution char...

An inverse relationship between human and financial investment and productivity, in the form of new drug approvals, has been a consistent theme in drug discovery for more than a decade. There appear to be many causes and solutions for this, but few tangible outcomes. Although Food and Drug Administration regulators, the constraints resulting from short-term business decisions, and the harvestin...

Measuring and monitoring socioeconomic health inequalities are critical for understanding the impact of policy decisions. However , the measurement of health inequality is far from value neutral, and one can easily present the measure that best supports one's chosen conclusion or selectively exclude measures. improving people's understanding of the often implicit value judgments is therefore im...