after establishment of the world trade organization (wto) in 1995, not only all countries around the world had to receive progressively the wto accession but also those that had higher economic potentials benefited further advantages from their memberships. one goal which has been followed by the wto has relied on economic convergence. it is now a time to ask whether convergence in monetary po...

throughout his long life, man has always imagined creating a creature with the same capabilities of his own or much higher than that; a creature in his service. at the end of the 20th century, gaining the logical and mathematical model for man’s actions and reactions has caused man to be the creator of a virtual intelligence himself; the intelligence by which a machine can think like a man, hav...

This paper combines issues related to strategic environmental policy in the case of the design of emissions permits, which affects the rules of international trade. Our model, based on a strategic environmental policy’s framework, analyzes a class of two stages Cournot game involving two governments (Domestic and Foreign) and their respective industry, which compete in a third country market. I...

Making Sense of Bolkestein-Bashing: Trade Liberalization under Segmented Labor Markets Trade liberalization is often met with sharp opposition. Recent examples include the so-called ''Bolkestein'' directive, which allows service providers from a given EU member to temporarily work in another member country. One way to view such a reform is that it simply widens the range of goods that are trade...

This Working Paper should not be reported as representing the views of the IMF. The views expressed in this Working Paper are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily represent those of the IMF or IMF policy. Working Papers describe research in progress by the author(s) and are published to elicit comments and to further debate. The paper evaluates the South Asia Free Trade Agreement (SAFT...

a r t i c l e i n f o JEL classification: F13 D22 F14 L25 Keywords: Antidumping investigations Difference-indifferences estimation Extensive and intensive margins Trade intermediaries Single-versus multi-product exporters Using monthly transaction data covering all Chinese exporters over the 2000–2006 period, we investigate how Chinese exporters respond to U.S. antidumping investigations. We fi...

It has become increasingly common to produce goods in a number of geographically dispersed stages linked by international trade. This tendency, known by names such as “production fragmentation”, “processing trade”, and “vertical specialization”, has important implications for the analysis of nontariff measures (NTMs) and trade facilitation. First, different types of NTMs or trade facilitation i...

This paper develops a real options model to investigate the relationship between exchange rate movements and the occurrence of price dumping. Our results reveal that the effect of exchange rate volatility on the probability of dumping occurrence is ambiguous, depending on the level of exchange rate. The appreciation of the importing country’s currency tends to have a positive impact on the prob...

This paper provides a theoretical and empirical analysis of public opinion towards free trade, investigating cleavages both between and within countries. We study the distributional effects of trade policy in a neoclassical economy with not just two, but many input factors in production. We demonstrate that the factor price changes induced by trade policy are negatively correlated with the fact...