plants are cloaked in hundreds of tiny projections, known as trichomes. These structures vary in function, shape, size and spacing from species to species, and it’s not known whether similar cellular differentiation programs are responsible for making trichomes in different plants. Trichomes are clearly visible in the scanning electron micrograph of a wild-type Nicotiana tabacum seedling above ...

BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVE While giving the gross anatomy of the mucosa of the vagina, textbooks of Anatomy and Obstetrics and Gynaecology describe the presence of a median longitudinal ridge on its anterior wall (columna rugarum anterior) and another similar ridge (columna rugarum posterior) on its posterior wall is described, and transverse rugae separated by sulci of variable depth, extend bilat...

Divisispiculimermis mirus n. gen., n. sp., a mermithid parasitizing larvae of Chironomus sp. in the Cajón o Grande Stream, Córdoba, Argentina, is described. The new genus differs from all other mermithid genera in having paired spicules which are separated and divided into proximal and distal sectors. The other diagnostic characters of the genus are medium size, nematodes with the cuticle appea...

The anterior maxilla represents a therapeutic challenge for single-tooth replacement with implants. The surgical trauma delivered to soft and hard tissues during implant placement can influence the future esthetic result. The clinician should use surgical techniques that prevent esthetic complications, such as increased crown length or loss of interdental papillae, without compromising osseoint...

Comparative studies were made of semen samples from subfertile RR and normally fertile rr cockerels. These samples were obtained either by abdominal massage or directly from the tip of papillae. The numbers of collected sperm did not differ between genotypes and the sperm from RR cockerels were less motile than those from rr cockerels irrespective of the semen collection method. The uric acid c...

Xenobalanus globicipitis, a unique type of small pseudo-stalked barnacle occurs on the appendages of cetaceans, including the common bottlenose dolphin Tursiops truncatus. In this study, we examined attachment structures of X. globicipitis and modifications to the skin of T. truncatus in areas of attachment compared to skin nearby an attachment site. Barnacles and their six calcareous footplate...

BACKGROUND The response of the oesophagus to refluxed gastric contents is likely to depend on intact neural mechanisms in the oesophageal mucosa. The epithelial innervation has not been systematically evaluated in health or reflux disease. AIMS To study oesophageal epithelial innervation in controls, and also inflamed and non-inflamed mucosa in patients with reflux oesophagitis and healed oes...

The endocycle is amodified cell cycle that lacksMphase. Endocycles are well known for enabling continued growth of post-mitotic tissues. By contrast, we discovered pre-mitotic endocycles in precursors of Drosophila rectal papillae (papillar cells). Unlike all known proliferative Drosophila adult precursors, papillar cells endocycle before dividing. Furthermore, unlike diploid mitotic divisions,...

The feeling of touch is an essential human sensation. Four types of mechanoreceptors (i.e., FA-I, SA-I, FA-II, and SA-II) in human skin signalize physical properties, such as shape, size, and texture, of an object that is touched and transmit the signal to the brain. Previous studies attempted to investigate the mechanical properties of skin microstructure and their effect on mechanoreceptors b...

Frogs (Lissamphibia: Anura) use adhesive tongues to capture fast moving, elusive prey. For this, the tongues are moved quickly and adhere instantaneously to various prey surfaces. Recently, the functional morphology of frog tongues was discussed in context of their adhesive performance. It was suggested that the interaction between the tongue surface and the mucus coating is important for gener...