statement of problem: when a tooth is treated endodontically, there are several objectives, which must be met for the root canal therapy to be successful. one of those objectives is the complete obturation of the root canal system. purpose: the purpose of this study was to evaluate the apical sealability of the theramfil endodontic obturation technique and compared it with lateral condensation....

The aim of this study was to compare the effect of 17% EDTA, 5% maleic acid, and Nd:YAG laser on smear layer removal by SEM. Eighty single-rooted teeth were divided into three groups of 25 according to the final procedure for smear layer removal: irrigation by 17% EDTA or 5% maleic acid or Nd:YAG laser irradiation. The other five teeth was used as control. Roots were sectioned into buccal and l...

The aerial parts of the plant are generated by groups of rapidly dividing cells called shoot apical meristems. To analyze cell behavior in these structures, we developed a technique to visualize living shoot apical meristems using the confocal microscope. This method, combined with green fluorescent protein marker lines and vital stains, allows us to follow the dynamics of cell proliferation, c...

In many insects the first abdominal segment possesses embryonic appendages called pleuropodia. Here we show the embryogenesis of pleuropodial cells of the periodical cicada, Magicicada cassini (Fisher 1851) (Insecta, Homoptera, Cicadidae). An antibody, anti-horseradish perioxidase (HRP), that is usually neuron-specific strongly marked the pleuropodial anlagen and revealed their ectodermal origi...

The inhibitor of apoptosis protein survivin is a bifunctional molecule that regulates cellular division and survival. We have previously shown that survivin protein can be found at high concentrations in the adult kidney, particularly in the proximal tubules. Here, survivin is localized primarily at the apical membrane, a pattern that may indicate absorption of the protein. Several proteins in ...

introduction: the purpose of this in vitro study was to investigate the influence of 5.25% sodium hypochlorite (naocl) and 0.12% chlorhexidine gluconate (chx) use separately and combined as endodontic irrigants on the apical sealing ability of two endodontic sealers. materials and methods: eighty-six extracted maxillary central incisor teeth were used. the teeth were decoronated at the cej, acc...

Insect floral herbivory can dramatically reduce plant reproductive success. Thus, plants should have evolved mechanisms that minimize the effect of insect herbivores, particularly in monocarpic species that must maximize fitness in a single flowering year. Tolerance is one such mechanism; however, few experiments to date evaluate underlying mechanisms of plant tolerance under natural conditions...

3-wk-old clones of pigmented epithelial cells from chick retina can be divided into four zones on the basis of cellular morphology and pigmentation. These zones appear to represent different stages in the re-expression of differentiation: those cells with essentially no differentiated characteristics are at the outer edge and those with the greatest number are at the center. Cells of the colony...

Hypokalemia is a common electrolyte disorder that increases renal ammonia metabolism and can cause the development of an acid-base disorder, metabolic alkalosis. The ammonia transporter family members, Rh B glycoprotein (Rhbg) and Rh C glycoprotein (Rhcg), are expressed in the distal nephron and collecting duct and mediate critical roles in acid-base homeostasis by facilitating ammonia secretio...

The most common mutation in the CFTR gene in individuals with cystic fibrosis (CF), DeltaF508, leads to the absence of CFTR Cl(-) channels in the apical plasma membrane, which in turn results in impairment of mucociliary clearance, the first line of defense against inhaled bacteria. Pseudomonas aeruginosa is particularly successful at colonizing and chronically infecting the lungs and is respon...