The American Heritage dictionary defines the term “Black-Box” as “A device or theoretical construct with known or specified performance characteristics but unknown or unspecified constituents and means of operation.” In the context of Computer Science, to use a program as a black-box means to use only its input/output relation by executing the program on chosen inputs, without examining the act...

We provide descriptive evidence on the challenges in efficiently, effectively, and fairly distributing in-kind electricity transfers to households. collect panel data from 1200 households eligible for Ghana’s COVID-19 relief program. Distributing through enabled an immediate response crisis. Theoretical efficiency concerns are mitigated because were inframarginal storable most Transfer receipt ...

This article looks at the immigration profile of Austrian centre right. It examines whether People’s Party (ÖVP) can be considered an anti-immigrant party by systematically analysing party’s electoral manifestos from 1994 to 2019. From previously more ambiguous positions, identifies amplification restrictive positions after 2017. In 2017 and 2019, plays a key role, with strong focus on Muslim i...

Zdziechowski Jerzy (1880–1975) was a politician, economist and economic activist. In the years 1917–1918 he member of Polish Council Inter-Party Union in Russia co-organizer Corps Russia. 1919, one main participants failed coup d’etat attempting to overthrow government Jędrzej Moraczewski. 1922–1927, Sejm from Popular National Union. 1925–1926, Minister Treasury A. Skrzyński. He developed finan...

This research project was supported by the Swedish Research Council [Vetenskapsradet] [grant number 2018-016114], PI: Anna Luhrmann and European [H2020 Council], grant 724191, Staffan I. Lindberg, V-Dem Institute, University of Gothenburg, Sweden as well internal grants from Office Vice- Chancellor, Dean Department Social Sciences, Political Science at Gothenburg. Nils Dupont appreciates fundin...

according to common law rules of england, obligation by one party is enforceable when the other has provided a consideration or the contract has been put in a deed. in some common law jurisdictions, such as australia, canada and the united states, another doctrine, named reasonable reliance, has developed, which could act as surrogate for the doctrine of consideration. english courts, however, ...