Much progress has been made in understanding the complex pharmacokinetics of trichloroethylene (TCE) . Qualitatively, it is clear that TCE is metabolized to multiple metabolites either locally or into systemic circulation. Many of these metabolites are thought to have toxicologic importance. In addition, efforts to develop physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models have led to a better...

On Nov 21, 2016, the European Medicines Agency (EMA) hosted a workshop to discuss its draft guideline on qualification and reporting of physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) analysis.1 Published on July 21, 2016, the draft PBPK guideline is currently under the period of public comments.

Repaglinide is mainly metabolized by cytochrome P450 enzymes CYP2C8 and CYP3A4, and it is also a substrate to a hepatic uptake transporter, organic anion transporting polypeptide (OATP)1B1. The purpose of this study is to predict the dosing time–dependent pharmacokinetic interactions of repaglinide with rifampicin, using mechanistic models. In vitro hepatic transport of repaglinide, characteriz...

Decamethylcyclopentasiloxane (D(5)), a volatile cyclic methyl siloxane (VCMS), is used in industrial and consumer products. Inhalation pharmacokinetics of another VCMS, octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane (D(4)), have been extensively investigated and successfully modeled with a multispecies physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model. Here, we develop an inhalation PBPK description for D(5), u...

It was previously demonstrated that mibefradil, which shows mechanism-based inhibition in humans, also caused drug-drug interactions (DDIs) with midazolam (MDZ) in rats. In this study, we aimed to quantitatively predict the DDIs observed in rats using a physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model from in vitro inactivation parameters. For more precise predictions, contribution ratios of ...

Dichloroacetic acid (DCA), a minor metabolite of trichloroethylene (TCE) and water disinfection byproduct, remains an important risk assessment issue because of its carcinogenic potency. DCA has been shown to inhibit its own metabolism by irreversibly inactivating glutathione transferase zeta (GSTzeta). To better predict internal dosimetry of DCA, a physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) ...

BACKGROUND It has been suggested that pre- and postnatal exposure to persistent organic pollutants (POPs) can promote several adverse effects in children, such as altered neurodevelopment. Epidemiologic studies to date have relied on the analysis of biological samples drawn pre- or post-natally for exposure assessment, an approach that might not capture some key events in the toxicokinetics of ...

Repaglinide is mainly metabolized by cytochrome P450 enzymes CYP2C8 and CYP3A4, and it is also a substrate to a hepatic uptake transporter, organic anion transporting polypeptide (OATP)1B1. The purpose of this study is to predict the dosing time-dependent pharmacokinetic interactions of repaglinide with rifampicin, using mechanistic models. In vitro hepatic transport of repaglinide, characteriz...

Dichloroacetic acid is a common disinfection by-product in surface waters and is a probable minor metabolite of trichloroethylene. Dichloroacetic acid (DCA) liver carcinogenicity has been demonstrated in rodents but epidemiological evidence in humans is not available. High doses of DCA ( approximately 50mg/kg) are used clinically to treat metabolic acidosis. Biotransformation of DCA by glutathi...