AbstractAs concern about the environment has risen during last few years, international organisations and conventions have encouraged nations to use punishment for environmental offences as one means fight a better environment. Icelandic law contains various types of penal provisions in statute laws designed protect However, no comprehensive legislation on matters impact or been enacted. Instea...

Law Number 31 Year 1997 regulates the jurisdiction of Indonesian Military Court to handle military members who commit a general crime and based on Penal Code respectively. However, General also retains over Code. In comparison, Civilians are only under Court. This condition is against principle equality before law as stated in Article 28D.1 1945 Constitution. Indonesia state must hold this prin...

Numerous scholars have described how the ‘war on drugs’ has played a central role in US penal change, especially its racialized impact. Yet there remain aspects of this ‘war’ that are under-explored in punishment and society scholarship. This article delineates five distinct modes by which the contemporary regulation of drugs in the USA speaks to penal change, and in so doing suggests that its ...

This article looks at how global flows of people and policies affect penal subjectivity among prisoners in Lithuania. Those who had previously been incarcerated abroad perceive their punishment in Lithuania's reforming penal system in comparative terms. We find that international prison experience may either diminish or increase the sense of the severity of the current punishment. Respondents o...

In 1962, the American Law Institute published its Model Penal Code, which includes an insanity test later adopted by many states. The second paragraph of the test excludes people with certain psychiatric conditions manifested by repeated criminal or antisocial conduct from using them as a basis for an insanity defense. Oregon adopted this test in 1971. Since then, its legislature and courts hav...

The factor structure of the Velicer Attitudes Toward Violence Scale [VATVS; Velicer, Huckel and Hansen, 1989] was examined in three studies. Study 1 (n5 460 undergraduates) found a poor fit for a hierarchical five-factor model earlier advanced by Velicer et al. [1989], but a good fit for an oblique four-factor model. In Study 2, this alternative model was cross-validated in a confirmatory facto...

Since 2002, hundreds of thousands of United States troops have returned from the Iraq and Afghanistan theaters, many after multiple deployments. The high suicide rate and high prevalence of mood disorders, substance use disorders, and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in this population have been widely reported. Many returning soldiers have had difficulty adjusting to civilian life, and som...

The results of the research showed that expressions in Articles 211 and 212 Islamic Penal Code 1392 indicate from legislator's point view, what is basis for producing knowledge judge evidence UAE typically knowledgeable as a result judicial investigation. In current laws procedures judiciary, mujtahid not considered necessary condition holding position judge.

The Code of Criminal Procedure is one the laws that regulates rights and freedoms, a means to achieve criminal justice based on balance between freedom other individual hand, right society within framework principle rule law. This law dealt with invalidity as penalties may result in breach procedural rule, among those rules what was decided by Article 100 aforementioned law, which procedures ju...