We have combined millisecond activation of channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2), a light-gated ion channel, with two-photon calcium imaging to investigate active synaptic contacts in rat hippocampal slice cultures. Calcium influx was larger during light-induced action potentials than during action potentials induced by somatic current injection, leading to highly reproducible synaptic transmission. Pairin...

Detection and characterization of molecular interactions on membrane surfaces is important to biological and pharmacological research. Here, silver nanocubes interfaced with glass-supported model membranes form a label-free sensor that measures protein binding to the membrane. The technique utilizes plasmon resonance scattering of nanocubes, which are chemically coupled to the membrane. In cont...

Study selection and assessment: randomised controlled trials (RCTs) that were published from 1990–2000 in English, evaluated educational interventions in adult outpatients with diabetes, and reported on glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) concentrations before and after the intervention and at >12 weeks after the intervention. An educational intervention was defined as any non-pharmacological educatio...

Fibrin sheath formation around long-term haemodialysis catheter is a common cause of failed dialysis access. Treatment options include pharmacological and mechanical methods. This paper reports a case of failed dialysis access due to fibrin sheath encasement. Pharmacologic thrombolysis, mechanical disruption using guide wire and catheter exchange had failed to address the issue. Eventually, fib...

or technique, inevitably and necessarily result in periodic evaluation of the situation. This symposium on Psychiatric Treatment issued as the 31st Volume of the proceedings of the Association for Research in Nervous and Mental Disease, endeavours to fulfill that purpose. The various sections cover a wide field including Psychotherapy, Pharmacological and Electrical techniques, and applied Neur...

This paper describes our experience in the management of the pharyngocutaneous post-laryngectomy fistula with Botulinum neurotoxin-A injections into both parotid glands. It includes the rationale of the treatment, the physiological and pharmacological basis for this clinical application, the injection technique and the good results achieved. Our findings suggest that Botulinum neurotoxin offers...

The purpose of the present commentary is to consider new perspectives of investigation methods used in clinical psychology studies. We propose that functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (fNIRS) has several important advantages over currently used methods. This technique opens the opportunity to transfer psychophysiological evidences in clinical settings, for example to evaluate psychophysiologi...