the aim of this paper is to minimize output phase noise for the pure signal synthesis in the frequency synthesizers. for this purpose, first, an exact mathematical model of phase locked loop (pll) based frequency synthesizer is described and analyzed. then, an exact closed-form formula in terms of synthesizer bandwidth and total output phase noise is extracted. based on this formula, the phase ...

Our aim is to design a single axis solar tracker as well dual Intelligent microcontroller 12V Battery. The sun tracked by the and its position changed in such way that it maximizes power output. panel moved two geared DC motors so sun’s light can remain aligned with panel. operation of experimental model device based on motor which intelligently controlled dedicated drive until moves mini photo...

Abstract Quantum-dot cellular automata (QCA), due to its unique characteristics like low power consumption, nanoscale design, and high computing speed is considered as an emerging technology, it can be used alternative for CMOS technology in circuit design quantum computers the near future. XOR gate has many applications of digital circuits QCA. In this paper, efficient novel structure proposed...