Each k-space segment in multishot diffusion-weighted MRI is affected by a different spatially varying phase which is caused by unavoidable motions and amplified by the diffusion-encoding gradients. A proper image reconstruction therefore requires phase maps for each segment. Such maps are commonly derived from two-dimensional navigators at relatively low resolution but do not offer robust solut...

Focusing light through scattering media has broad applications in optical imaging, manipulation and therapy. The contrast of the focus can be quantified by peak-to-background intensity ratio (PBR). Here, we theoretically and numerically show that by using a transmission matrix inversion method to achieve focusing, within a limited field of view and under a low noise condition in transmission ma...

Crustal thickness is a critical parameter for understanding the processes of continental rifting and breakup and the evolution of petroleum systems within passive margins. However, direct measurements of crustal thickness are sparse and expensive, highlighting the need for methodologies using gravity anomaly data, jointly with other geophysical data, to estimate crustal thickness. We evaluated ...

a quantum theory of a two and three-level laser with injected atomic coherence is developed by using a density operator method, to the best of our knowledge, for the first time. the initial atomic coherence plays an essential role. at steady state, the equation of motion for the density operator yields to exhibit laser without inversion and a phase locking but no threshold for the laser field. ...

Reservoir characterization has a leading role in the reservoir geophysics and reservoir management. Since the interests of the reservoir geophysics and reservoir managements are the elastic properties and reservoir properties of the subsurface rock for their purposes, a robust method is required for converting seismic data into elastic properties. Accordingly, by employing a rock physics model ...

The inversion method was used to test vibroacoustic processes in large-size machines used in opencast mines of rock material. When this method is used, the tested machine is replaced with a set of substitute sources, whose acoustic parameters are determined on the basis of sound pressure levels and phase shift angles of acoustic signals, measured with an array of 24 microphones. This article pr...

The global positioning system meteorology (GPS/MET) experiment was the ®rst practical demonstration of global navigation satellite system (GNSS)-based active limb sounding employing the radio occultation technique. This method measures, as principal observable and with millimetric accuracy, the excess phase path (relative to propagation in vacuum) of GNSS-transmitted radio waves caused by refra...

Vanadium dioxide (VO2 ) undergoes a thermally induced solid-to-solid phase transition, which can be exploited for actuation purposes. VO2 -coated silicon cantilevers demonstrate abrupt curvature changes when their temperature is varied across the phase transition. Unlike the monotonic hysteresis phenomena observed in many other smart materials, the curvature– temperature hysteresis of VO2 actua...

thin films of polymer doped with nonlinear optical organic dye, disperse red 1, at thickness of 1 to 2 micrometers, were prepared and studied. in order to induce an axial and orientational alignment of dye molecules within polymer matrix, a contact electric field poling was used. by this process the inherent inversion symmetry in the polymer matrix was eliminated to achieve the desired macrosco...

TiO2 nanopowder is prepared by simple sol-gel method using starting material as titanium isopropoxide with methanol and annealed at 600°C, 700°C and 800°C for 1 hour in air. X-ray diffraction pattern revealed the presence of both anatase and rutile phase in TiO2 specimens annealed at different temperatures. It is observed that the content of rutile phase and crystallite size increases with incr...