Ernst Mayr’s typological/population distinction is a conceptual thread that runs throughout much of his work in systematics, evolutionary biology, and the history and philosophy of biology. Mayr himself claims that typological thinking originated in the philosophy of Plato and that population thinking was first introduced by Charles Darwin and field naturalists. A more proximate origin of the t...

In this manuscript various components of research are listed and briefly discussed. The topics considered in this write-up cover a part of the research methodology paper of Master of Philosophy (M.Phil.) course and Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.) course. The manuscript is intended for students and research scholars of science subjects such as mathematics, physics, chemistry, statistics, biology an...

Over the last two decades few topics in philosophy of science have received as much attention mechanistic explanation. A significant motivation for these accounts is that scientists frequently use term ‘mechanism’ their explanations biological phenomena. Of course, biologists a variety causal concepts explanations, including like pathways, cascades, triggers, and processes. Despite this variety...

Historical epistemology, according to the historian of science Hans-Jörg Rheinberger, is a space through which "to take experimental laboratory work into the realm of philosophy". This key concept, together with the crucial events and challenges of his career, were discussed in a public conversation which took place on the occasion of Rheinberger's retirement. By making sense of natural phenome...

According to Friedrich Schleiermacher, religiosity is rooted in feeling (Gefühl). As a result of our engagement with the world, on which we depend and can influence, have both sense dependence freedom. Schleiermacher speculated that absolute reflective beings self-consciousness (human beings) gave rise religion. Using insights from contemporary philosophy biology cognitive science, I seek natur...

The Nature of Comparative Research in Philosophy of Education: Faaraabee's Method M.H. Mirzaamohammadi, Ph.D. Comparative research, from a philosophical perspective in education, goes beyond the mere comparison of two ideas or subjects, and necessitates both judgment and critical analysis. Considering the complexities of the educational processes, doing comparative research in educati...

The “City of God” as the most prominent work of St. Augustine can be considered a good link between the Christian and Greek philosophical tradition.  He argues that the purpose of human Justice, surrendering to order, can be considered relatively a type of human justice.  St. Augustine, like many of the philosophers before him, stress that the ultimate goal of Peace for the human being is the u...

Modern institutional economists look to pragmatism for: (1) an evolutionary philosophy of knowledge; and (2) a foundation of a theory of human nature. These two elements are combined in William James, who was both a philosopher of pragmatism and a pioneering experimental psychologist. The author shows first how William James added psychological depth to the pragmatic tradition as it was left by...

Background: Synthetic biology is an interdisciplinary branch of biology and engineering. As synthetic biology develops into a promising science and engineering field, we need to clarify the purpose and nature of this science in terms of security, ethics and the recognition of the benefits of potential risks. The aim of this study was to evaluate the researchers’ attitudes toward synthetic biolo...