background: in general, measurements of solar ultraviolet (uv) radiation are related to horizontal surfaces. while the hu­mans walking and standing outdoors expose to the natural solar uv radiation, their eyes, cheeks, extremities, trunks, or many other anatomical sites are close to vertical plane and random orient to different directions. in this study, we character­ized the diurnal variations...

It is well known that the current design rules adopted by international codes such as ISO 14346 and guides, e.g., CIDECT guide No. 3, for chord sidewall failure in mild steel rectangular hollow section (RHS) joints under brace axial compression are considerably conservative, if RHS adequately supported out-of-plane. This paper presents an investigation into using grades up to S960. Representati...