This paper provides an overview of the literature on political clientelism in the context of developing countries. Theoretical models of clientelism are reviewed, following by empirical evidence regarding causes and consequences of clientelism. We conclude with possible implications for the dynamics of clientelism and its interaction with the development process, a summary of what has been lear...

We study a model of electoral competition where voters obtain information on candidates’ platforms through campaign advertising, and word-of-mouth communication. We show that when the costs of campaign advertising are low, an increase in word-of-mouth communication among voters causes polarization. In particular, the more voters can exchange political information between each other, the more of...

Background: The extensive education on contraceptive methods, particularly in rural areas of developing countries, play a pivotal role in preventing of induced abortion. The main purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence and major cause of induced abortion in women in northwestern Iran. Materials and Methods: The hospital documentary of 848 women encountering medical examinations du...

In 1987 a conference on safe motherhood in Nairobi, Kenya, drew international attention to alarmingly high levels of maternal death in childbirth in developing countries. Global levels are estimated to be between 500,000 and 600,000 per year, with approximately one-tenth of these deaths occurring in Nigeria alone. The conference ended with a call for a reduction in maternal mortality by half by...

This report identifies and discusses issues and problems related to the integration of social scientific knowledge in terrorism modelling. It analyses the state of the art in the area of modelling the origins and causes of terrorism and other forms of political violence; terrorists’ behaviour; the structure of terrorist organisations and networks; terrorism threat; and influence strategies and ...

Background: It is estimated that 15 million births occur every year to adolescents. This represents about 11%of all births each year. The global average rate of births per 1000 females aged 15-19 years is 65. A range of social, cultural, biological and service delivery factors contribute to the high levels of adolescent pregnancy and childbirth. This study was conducted to determine the causes ...

this research has been performed with the purpose of investigating the interactive role of accountability and job self-efficacy on organizational citizenship behavior and political behavior of the faculty members. in this research the statistical society included all faculty members of urmia university, among whom 206 persons was selected through straticulate random samplery methods. the way re...

Increasing globalization and advances in communication technology have fuelled the emergence of global virtual teams (GVT). There is much potential for conflict in GVT as members work across cultural, geographical, and time boundaries. This study examines the antecedents of GVT conflict and the circumstances under which conflict affects team performance. An in-depth study of GVT conflict episod...