Rangeland ecosystems provide a wide range of services such as gas regulation function whose economic value has not been understood. The present study aimed to estimate the economic value of CO2 absorption and oxygen generation services using unit price in Sheikh Musa Rangeland, Mazandaran Province, Iran. In the study area, clipping and weight and photosynthesis methods were applied to estimate ...

Abstract We introduce the notion of approximation type for partial, and in certain cases total description extensions a given valuation from field K to rational function ( x ). To every extension, unique over is associated, while may be limit many pseudo Cauchy sequences. Approximation types also provide information where are not immediate, we prove that they correspond bijectively when algebra...

BACKGROUND EQ-5D-3L valuation studies continue to employ the MVH protocol or variants of MVH. One issue that has received attention is the selection of the states for direct valuation by respondents. Changes in the valuation subset have been found to change the coefficients of the utility function. The purpose of this study was to test the performance of valuation subsets based on orthogonal ex...

We analyze the valuation partial differential equation for European contingent claims in a general framework of stochastic volatility models where the diffusion coefficients may grow faster than linearly and degenerate on the boundaries of the state space. We allow for various types of model behavior: the volatility process in our model can potentially reach zero and either stay there or instan...

valuation is one of the main subjects in investment management which plays an important role in efficient capital allocation. valuation has become an important subject since supreme leader addressed the 44th principal of constitutional law. considering many problems which have arrised in valuation and stock pricing by privatization organization during resent years,it is essential to pay more at...

Research on the valuation of environmental externalities shows that decision makers tend to discount not only over time but across space. Just as time discounting has implications for intergenerational equity,geographical or spatial discounting has implications for intragenerational equity. Similarly, just as positive time discount rates are warranted by positive net rates of growth of the capi...

Customized electric power contracts catering to specific business and risk management needs have gained increasing popularity among large energy firms in the restructured electricity industry. A tolling agreement (or, tolling contact) is one such example in which a contract buyer reserves the right to take the output of an underlying electricity generation asset by paying a predetermined premiu...