references: 1. miller rd. miller’s anesthesia. 7th ed. philadelphia: churchill livingstone 2010 2758-9. 2. macintyre pe, schug sa, scott da, visser ej, walker sm. apm:se working group of the australian and new zealand college of anaesthetists and faculty of pain medicine. acute pain management: scientific evidence. 3rd ed. melbourne: anzca & fpm 2010 9-12. 3. buvanendran a. chronic postsurgical...

unexpected extreme sudden traumatic stressor may cause post-traumatic stress disorder (ptsd). important traumatic events include war, violent personal assault ( e.g. , sexual assault, and physical attack), being taken hostage or kidnapped, confinement as a prisoner of war, torture, terrorist attack, severe car accidents, and natural disasters. in childhood age sexual abuse or witnessing serious...

the spectrum of gluten related disorder might be much broader than currently believed. it is unknown why non-coeliac gluten sensitivity affects individuals at different ages. it is quite possible the triggering factors like infection might play an essential role in manifestation of this disorder. similar to secondary lactose intolerance, gluten intolerance might be a common occurrence behind pe...

Stroke is the rapid loss of brain function due to disturbance in the blood supply to the brain causing predominantly motor and sensory symptoms. However, stroke can cause some other symptoms. Post stroke dementia and depression are probably the most important non-motor consequences of stroke. Post stroke dementia and depression are important and often overlooked symptoms following stroke. Treat...

Post-stroke seizure and post-stroke epilepsy are common causes of hospital admissions, either as a presenting feature or as a complication after a stroke. They require appropriate management and support in long term. With an increasingly ageing population, and age itself being an independent risk factor for stroke, the incidence and prevalence of post-stroke seizure and post-stroke epilepsy is ...

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is an increasingly recognized and theoretically preventable condition. In fact PTSD is a mental disorder that can develop after a person is exposed to a traumatic event or threats, such as war and traffic crashes. Symptoms may include distressing thoughts and increased arousal. These signs last for more than one month after the event. People with PTSD are a...

On November 28, the Honourable Roy Romanow tabled his long-awaited report, “The Future of Health Care in Canada,” in the House of Commons. Written following 18 months of serious deliberation, the report includes a range of recommendations aimed at sustaining Canada’s health care system under the principles of the Canada Health Act. While many of the recommendations are consistent with submissio...