The development of resistance to plant pathogens is determined by the presence genes and regulation their activity due phytohormones, nuclear pore complex, epigenetic modifications at post-transcriptional post-translational levels DNA histones, respectively. Changes in gene expression such can be inherited generations contribute selection resistant plants populations.The complex composed nucleo...

The Palmitoyl-acyl carrier protein thioesterase (PATE) gene is one of the key genes involved in plastidial fatty acid biosynthesis and known to regulate the accumulation of the C . In American oil palm 16:0 (Elaeis oleifera) fruit mesocarp, C content can be minimized by post-transcriptional PATE gene silencing. 16:0 In this study, 12 weeks old immature zygotic embryos (IZEs) of E. oleifera were...

The filamentous fungus Neurospora crassa is a model organism for the study of gene silencing. The most characterized gene silencing mechanism in this ascomycete is quelling, which occurs at the post-transcriptional level. Quelling is triggered by the introduction of transgenes and results in silencing of both transgenes and cognate endogenous mRNAs. Quelling is related to co-suppression, observ...

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are short RNA molecules responsible for post-transcriptional gene silencing by the degradation or translational inhibition of their target messenger RNAs (mRNAs). This process of gene silencing, known as RNA interference (RNAi), is mediated by highly conserved Argonaute (Ago) proteins which are the key components of the RNA induced silencing complex (RISC). In humans, Ago2 is...

Plants infected with DNA viruses produce massive quantities of virus-derived, 24-nucleotide short interfering RNAs (siRNAs), which can potentially direct viral DNA methylation and transcriptional silencing. However, growing evidence indicates that the circular double-stranded DNA accumulating in the nucleus for Pol II-mediated transcription of viral genes is not methylated. Hence, DNA viruses m...

ncRNAs (non-coding RNAs) are implicated in a wide variety of cellular processes, including the regulation of gene expression. In the present chapter we consider two classes of ncRNA: miRNAs (microRNAs) which are post-transcriptional regulators of gene expression and lncRNAs (long ncRNAs) which mediate interactions between epigenetic remodelling complexes and chromatin. Mutation and misexpressio...

RNA interference (RNAi), a process of sequence-specific gene suppression, has been known as a natural gene regulatory mechanism in a wide range of organisms. Recently, a small-interference RNA (siRNA) technology has been reported to produce post-transcriptional gene silencing in mammalian cells. In the present study, we constructed a human U6 promoter-driven mammalian expression vector to produ...