background: successful anesthesia during root canal therapy may be difficult to obtain. intraosseousinjection significantly improves anesthesia’s success as a supplemental pulpal anesthesia, particularly incases of irreversible pulpitis. the aim of this study was to compare the efficacy of x‑tip intraosseousinjection and inferior alveolar nerve (ian) block in primary anesthesia for mandibular p...

abstract background: correction of severe kyphosis is a challenging operation in spinal surgery. a two stage operation has been commonly used: anterior release and decompression followed by posterior correction and fusion. we describe the posterior vertebral osteotomy technique for correction of severe and rigid kyphosis through posterior-only approach. methods: twelve patients (six male and si...

Mis (1975; 1977) proposed that a midbrain circuit involving the accessory oculomotor nuclei (nucleus of Darkschewitsch, interstitial nucleus of Cajal) is necessary for inhibition of the conditioned nictitating membrane response (NMR) of the rabbit. The present study attempted to determine: a) whether neurons of the accessory oculomotor nuclei, and not fibers of passage, are necessary for condit...

the effect of a neuropeptide, the tachykinin on α-amylase, protease and lipase activities in the midgut of american cockroach, periplaneta americana (linnaeus) is evaluated . immunohistochemical reactivities against tachykinin (tachykinin- ir) were detected in the midgut. tachykinin-ir cells in three regions (anterior, median and posterior) of the midgut were counted in normally fed, starved fo...