planned in 22 nations in 2010. Despite rapid global motorization, worldwide bicycle use has generally increased during the past 30 years. Indeed, bicycling in Dutch, German, and Danish cities increased between 20% and 43% between 1975 and 1995 (2). Although cycling growth and trends vary worldwide, bikesharing offers a transportation alternative to increase bicycle use by integrating cycling in...

The spliceosome was in its heyday... the ribosome not yet proven to be a ribozyme...microRNAs, lncRNAs, et al. lurking out of sight. The survivors of previous RNA processing get-togethers (starting in 1974 at Brookhaven), gathering in Keystone in 1994, speculated that since there was a (financially successful and media-savvy) Protein Society, why not RNA? And if an RNA Society, why not an RNA j...

CP symmetry and its violation are important guides to fundamental quark properties and to the understanding of the matter-antimatter asymmetry of the Universe. In this review, an updated version of one presented earlier in the year [1], we describe past, present, and future aspects of CP violation studies. After an illustration of fundamental iscrete symmetries in Maxwell's equations (Sec. II),...

Preframes (directed complete posets with finite meets that distribute over the directed joins) are the algebras for an infinitary essentially algebraic theory, and can be presented by generators and relations. This result is combined with a general argument concerning categories of commutative monoids to give a very short proof of the localic Tychonoff Theorem. It is also shown how frames can b...

There are certainly many reasons. One is the attractiveness of our most abstract theories. They are widely presented and receive the most scholarly attention. The popular and technical press contributes by pub1~cizing our w~]der claims and broadest hopes. ~imilar]y, the press oversells our current systems, leading more careful observers to wonder even about these. Finally, mechanizing the under...

There has been a dramatic increase in our understanding of fibromyalgia throughout the past 14 years since the publication of the 1990 American College of Rheumatology classification criteria. Before 1990, and for most of the 20th century, fibromyalgia was considered to be predominantly a muscle disorder; now the critical abnormality is described as "central sensitization." However, central sen...

The development of fractional photothermolysis is a milestone in the history of laser technology and cutaneous resurfacing. Based on the concept that skin is treated in a fractional manner, where narrow cylinders of tissue are thermally heated and normal adjacent skin is left unaffected, the fractional devices have shown effectiveness in treating a variety of conditions. Since its development, ...

Figure 1: A line arrangement in the plane The study of configurations of lines in the plane or planes in space has a relatively short history. Some say the field arose from the cheese cutting problem: what is the maximum number of pieces one can produce from a fixed number of cuts? Others say that it arose through the history of braid groups: the pure braid group on n strands turns out to be th...