C urrently there is much interest and excitement in the understanding of how cells undergo the process of apoptosis or programmed cell death. Understanding how, why, and when cells are instructed to die may provide insight into the aging process, autoimmune syndromes, degenerative diseases, and malignant transformation. This review focuses on the development of apoptosis and describes the proce...

It has been hypothesized that type 1 diabetes is initiated by neonatal physiological pancreatic beta-cell death, indicating that the early stages of this autoimmune response may reflect a dysregulated response to immune "danger" signals. One potential danger signal is ATP, high concentrations of which stimulate the purinergic receptor P2X7 on hematopoietic cells. We compared the sensitivity of ...

Background: Breast cancer (BC) is considered one of the most diversified types tumors, characterized by a high mutational burden in tumor milieu and lack immune cell makeup. The programmed death receptor-1 (PD -1)/programmed ligand-1 -L1) axis has been identified as new target field immunotherapy because, when activated, they worsen future scenarios disease helping cells (TC) to escape surveill...

The functions of bone marrow plasma cells (BMPC) beyond antibody production are not fully elucidated and distinct subsets BMPC suggest potential different functions. Phenotypic differences were identified for human depending on CD19 expression. Since is a co-stimulatory molecule the B-cell-receptor (BCR), IgA + IgM express BCR their surface, we here studied whether expression affects cellular r...