Sera of 106 multiple sclerosis patients and 103 closely matched controls were examined for Borrelia burgdorferi antibodies. The prevalence rate in multiple sclerosis patients was 14.2%, in controls 25.2%. Overall prevalence was 20.1%. Mean IgG antibody level was insignificantly higher in controls than in multiple sclerosis patients. Patients with a chronic progressive course of multiple scleros...

The failure of a majority of clinical trials in progressive multiple sclerosis (MS) has highlighted the need to reconsider how these trials are designed and conducted, and many areas deserve focus. Basic scientists are reconceptualising the pathophysiology of progressive MS into three broad areas: systemic inflammation, compartmentalized inflammation and non-inflammatory neurodegeneration, with...

M ultiple sclerosis (MS) remains an enigmatic disease. Not only is the cause unknown, but the last decade of work has led to uncertainty concerning some of the previously, most strongly held, convictions about the disease. Recently, attention has shifted from understanding demyelination to understanding how axons are injured. It has been attractive to hypothesise that axonal damage occurs with ...

www.thelancet.com Vol 383 June 28, 2014 2189 Multiple sclerosis is the most common cause of chronic neurological disability in young adults in developed countries and seems to be increasing in frequency. Disease presentation in 80–90% of patients follows an initial phase characterised by bouts of relapsingremitting neurological dysfunction. These relapses are thought to represent focal areas of...

OBJECTIVE Patients with progressive relapsing (PR) multiple sclerosis (MS) may accrue disability by incomplete recovery from acute exacerbations and by ongoing deterioration. In primary progressive (PP) MS, disability accumulates solely by continuous decline. Because it is the least common form of MS, there is scant information regarding the clinical characteristics of PRMS, but relapses are re...

We report on nine patients with multiple sclerosis who had received interferon beta-1a treatment for 6 months or more. Seven patients were Chinese and two were Caucasian. Seven patients had the relapsing-remitting type of multiple sclerosis, one had the primary-progressive type, and one had the progressive-relapsing type. Among the six compliant patients with the relapsing-remitting type of dis...

Multiple sclerosis, the most common neurologic disorder of young adults, is traditionally considered to be an inflammatory, autoimmune, demyelinating disease of the central nervous system. Based on this understanding, the initial therapeutic strategies were directed at immune modulation and inflammation control. These approaches, including high-dose corticosteroids for acute relapses and long-t...

Conduction along the optic nerve is often slowed in multiple sclerosis (MS). This is typically assessed by measuring the latency of the P100 component of the Visual Evoked Potential (VEP) using electroencephalography. The Visual Evoked Spread Spectrum Analysis (VESPA) method, which involves modulating the contrast of a continuous visual stimulus over time, can produce a visually evoked response...

Multiple sclerosis can create a variety of somatic, cognitive, and behavioral symptoms. Here we report a patient with early psychiatric symptoms including depression, dementia, and catatonia, who was eventually diagnosed as having primary progressive multiple sclerosis.