MARCH1, a member of the membrane-associated RING-CH family of E3 ubiquitin ligases, regulates antigen presentation by downregulating the cell surface expression of Major Histocompatibility Complex class II and CD86 molecules. MARCH1 is a transmembrane protein that exposes both its N- and C-terminus to the cytoplasm. We have conducted a structure-function analysis of its two cytoplasmic tails to...

Simultaneous recordings of multiple neuron activities with multi-channel extracellular electrodes are widely used for studying information processing by the brain's neural circuits. In this method, the recorded signals containing the spike events of a number of adjacent or distant neurons must be correctly sorted into spike trains of individual neurons, and a variety of methods have been propos...

in aquaculture, fishes might experience periods of food deprivation during pre-harvesting, transporting and sorting. in during starvation, some fish utilize muscle protein as a major energy source and some fish utilize primarily lipids. with respect to vital role of starvation periods on body composition, the current study was carried out for one month in autumn 2010 at research farm of isfahan...

Among the various coats involved in vesicular transport, the clathrin associated coats that contain the adaptor complexes AP-1 and AP-2 are the most extensively characterized. The function of the recently described adaptor complex AP-3, which is similar to AP-1 and AP-2 in protein composition but does not associate with clathrin, is not known. By monitoring surface plasmon resonance we observed...

Protein sorting to plant vacuoles is known to be dependent on a considerable variety of protein motifs recognized by a family of sorting receptors. This can involve either traffic from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) through the Golgi apparatus or direct ER-to-vacuole transport. Barley aspartic protease (Phytepsin) was shown previously to reach the vacuole via trafficking through the Golgi appar...

We generated fusions between three Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) tonoplast intrinsic proteins (TIPs; alpha-, gamma-, and delta-TIP) and yellow fluorescent protein (YFP). We also produced soluble reporters consisting of the monomeric red fluorescent protein (RFP) and either the C-terminal vacuolar sorting signal of phaseolin or the sequence-specific sorting signal of proricin. In transgenic...

Intracellular cycling of the cation-dependent mannose 6-phosphate receptor (CD-MPR) between different compartments is directed by signals localized in its cytoplasmic tail. A di-aromatic motif (Phe18-Trp19 with Trp19 as the key residue) in its cytoplasmic tail is required for the sorting of the receptor from late endosomes back to the Golgi apparatus. However, the cation-independent mannose 6-p...

BAG-1 is a ubiquitin domain protein that links the molecular chaperones Hsc70 and Hsp70 to the proteasome. During proteasomal sorting BAG-1 can cooperate with another co-chaperone, the carboxyl terminus of Hsc70-interacting protein CHIP. CHIP was recently identified as a Hsp70- and Hsp90-associated ubiquitin ligase that labels chaperone-presented proteins with the degradation marker ubiquitin. ...

All eukaryotic cells present at the cell surface a specific set of plasma membrane proteins that modulate responses to internal and external cues and whose activity is also regulated by protein degradation. We characterized the lytic vacuole-dependent degradation of membrane proteins in Arabidopsis thaliana by means of in vivo visualization of vacuolar targeting combined with quantitative prote...

Tomato bushy stunt virus (TBSV), a positive-strand RNA virus, causes extensive inward vesiculations of the peroxisomal boundary membrane and formation of peroxisomal multivesicular bodies (pMVBs). Although pMVBs are known to contain protein components of the viral membrane-bound RNA replication complex, the mechanisms of protein targeting to peroxisomal membranes and participation in pMVB bioge...