1The University of Texas Health Science Center, McGovern Medical School, at Houston, Department of Internal Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA. 2Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, Texas, USA 3The University of Texas Health Science Center, McGovern Medical School, at Houston, Department of Internal Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA 4Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA 5The Univers...

Spaying (ovariectomy or ovariohysterectomy) has been shown to reduce unwanted pregnancies, prevent pyometra and decrease the risk of mammary gland tumors in female dogs and cats. However, increased tendency to develop obesity may occur in either species. In dogs, an increased incidence of certain cancers, aggressiveness, sedentary behavior, and urinary incontinence may develop after spaying. Th...

The primary clinical sign associated with gastric dysfunction is vomiting. Vomiting may also be associated with diseases of other parts of the gastrointestinal tract, or other abdominal organs. Within the gastrointestinal tract vomiting may occur due to inflammation, infection, obstruction, motility disorders, or neoplasia affecting the stomach, small intestine, or less commonly colon. Other di...