From December 2012 standardised packaging for tobacco products – known as ‘plain packaging’ – has been mandatory in Australia. This paper evaluates the preliminary evidence – in the form of ABS household expenditure on tobacco data – to establish whether the policy has been successful. Despite our econometric efforts, the data refused to yield any indication this policy has been successful; the...

A vast majority of the emails received by people today are machinegenerated by businesses communicating with consumers. While some emails originate as a result of a transaction (e.g., hotel or restaurant reservation confirmations, online purchase receipts, shipping notifications, etc.), a large fraction are commercial emails promoting an offer (a special sale, free shipping, available for a lim...

AIMS To gain insight into the potential impact of plain tobacco packaging policy, two experiments were undertaken to test whether 'prototype' plain compared with branded UK cigarette pack stimuli would differentially elicit instrumental tobacco-seeking in a nominal Pavlovian to instrumental transfer (PIT) procedure. DESIGN, SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS Two experiments were undertaken at the Unive...

Aim: Bluetongue is a non-contagious, infectious viral disease of domestic and wild ruminants; which is believed to have originated in Africa. The epidemiology of Bluetongue virus infection is poorly defined in many parts of the world, including a wide range of Asia and the Middle East. This paper reports the results of a Bluetongue serological survey in sheep from some provinces of Iran during ...

BACKGROUND Pelvic ring injury classification traditionally is made using plain radiographs. Recent studies suggest that computed tomography (CT)-generated images have higher diagnostic accuracy than plain films for the classification of acetabular fractures. However, similar studies have not been performed for pelvic ring injuries. The purpose of this study was to compare CT-generated and plain...

background: the presence of heavy metals in dialysis water which enters patients’ body through haemodialysis can cause various problems such as acute poisoning, brain damage, osteoarthritis etc. therefore, applying the standards for dialysis water is indispensable. this study was carried out to determine the heavy metals of the enterence water of dialysis machines and its comparison with aami a...

Resumen Desde el comienzo de los procesos conquista y colonización pueblos indígenas en Argentina, la Iglesia Católica desempeñó un rol crucial, destinando gran parte sus esfuerzos evangelizadores hacia niños niñas tales pueblos. Esto ha implicado distintas regiones desarrollo una red escuelas confesionales las que, diversas maneras, se procurado transmitirles conocimientos significados religio...