We start with irrationality proofs. Historically, the first ones concerned irrational algebraic numbers, like the square roots of non square positive integers. Next, the theory of continued fraction expansion provided a very useful tool. Among the first proofs of irrationality for numbers which are now known to be transcendental are the ones by H. Lambert and L. Euler, in the XVIIIth century, f...

Following Ellis, [9], we investigate the notion of totally free crossed square and related squared complexes. It is shown how to interpret the information in a free simplicial group given with a choice of CW-basis, interms of the data for a totally free crossed square. Results of Ellis then apply to give a description in terms of tensor products of crossed modules. The paper ends with a purely ...

We prove a generalized rationality property and a new identity that we call the “Jacobi identity” for intertwining operator algebras. Most of the main properties of genus-zero conformal field theories, including the main properties of vertex operator algebras, modules, intertwining operators, Verlinde algebras, and fusing and braiding matrices, are incorporated into this identity. Together with...

The symbolic Turiyam matrix is a whose entries contain Turiyam. Inverse matrices can generally be determined if the non-singular square matrix. Currently inverse of size m × n with 6= by Moore-Penrose inverse. purpose this research to determine algorithm on real n. Algebraic operations method used obtain applying algebraic concept inverses. main result obtained demonstration example given shows...

This paper develops a uni(ed enumerative and asymptotic theory of directed two-dimensional lattice paths in half-planes and quarter-planes. The lattice paths are speci(ed by a (nite set of rules that are both time and space homogeneous, and have a privileged direction of increase. (They are then essentially one-dimensional objects.) The theory relies on a speci(c “kernel method” that provides a...

The following theorem is proved: Let R be an algebra with involution over an uncountable field F. Then if the symmetric elements of R are algebraic, R is algebraic. In this paper we consider the following question: "Let R be an algebra with involution over a field F, and assume that the symmetric elements S of R are algebraic over F. Is R algebraic over FT* Previous results related to this ques...