The RAISE [6] Specification Language, RSL, originated as a development from VDM [9] during a five year effort involving several researchers. The purpose was to improve VDM by augmenting it with a module system, a process description language, a formal semantics standard, and tool support. A goal was to keep the language a wide spectrum language including high level specification constructs as w...

This study employs a new methodological approach that measures production efficiency in changing trade patterns. It shows that the most rapidly growing products in Mercosur’s intratrade generally are goods in which members do not have a comparative advantage and have not been able to export competitively to outside markets. This is consistent with substantial trade diversion within the arrangem...

This paper considers how power-based distribution tariffs encourage electricity end-users to invest in energy storages to reduce their peak loads. The study uses actual automatic meter reading (AMR) data from 30 000 customers the annual electricity consumption of which is less than 50 MWh. The customers locate in the area of a Finnish distribution system operator (DSO) operating in an urban env...

In this paper we compare and contrast the political viability of bilateral Free Trade Area (FTA) Agreements in the presence of tariffs and quotas. Assuming that the government maximizes a weighted sum of welfare and producer profits, we show that the political viability of FTAs varies according to whether trade restrictions take the form of tariffs or quotas. A key result is that whereas an FTA...

In the Stackelberg network pricing problem, one has to assign tariffs to a certain subset of the arcs of a given transportation network. The aim is to maximize the amount paid by the user of the network, knowing that the user will take a shortest st-path once the tariffs are fixed. Roch, Savard, and Marcotte (Networks, Vol. 46(1), 57–67, 2005) proved that this problem is NP-hard, and gave an O(...

One upstream and two downstream firms are involved in a vertically related industry. Under observable contracts, aware of both their own rival's input prices. However, under an unobservable contract, only know price unaware rival’s price. We demonstrate vertical separation integration the contracts. focus on methods: linear tariffs two-part tariffs. With asymmetric costs contracts increases con...