We (Fu, Dienes, & Fu, 2010) investigated the extent to which people could generate sequences of responses based on knowledge acquired from the Serial Reaction Time task, depending on whether it felt subjectively like the response was based on pure guessing, intuition, conscious rules or memories. Norman and Price (2010) argued that in the context of our task, intuition responses were the same a...

This paper investigates the time it takes unconscious vs. conscious knowledge to form by using an improved "no-loss gambling" method to measure awareness of knowing. Subjects could either bet on a transparently random process or on their grammaticality judgment in an artificial grammar learning task. A conflict in the literature is resolved concerning whether unconscious rather than conscious k...

The security level of the achievability scheme for Wyner’s wiretap channel model is examined from the perspective of the probability of correct decoding, Pc, at the wiretap channel decoder. In particular, for finite–alphabet memoryless channels, the exact random coding exponent of Pc is derived as a function of the total coding rate R1 and the rate of each sub–code R2. Two different representat...

We introduce a probabilistic framework for the automated analysis of security protocols. Our framework provides a general method for expressing properties of cryptographic primitives, modeling an attacker more powerful than conventional Dolev-Yao attackers. It allows modeling equational properties of cryptographic primitives as well as property statements about their weaknesses, e.g. primitives...

This chapter investigates the time it takes unconscious versus conscious knowledge to form by using an improved “no-loss gambling” method to measure awareness of knowing. Subjects could either bet on a transparently random process or on their grammaticality judgment in an artificial grammar learning task. A conflict in the literature is resolved concerning whether unconscious rather than consci...

We discuss how we use neural networks to accurately measure password strength, and how we use this capability to build effective password meters. First, we show how neural networks can be used to guess passwords and how we leveraged this method to build a password guesser to better model guessing attacks. We report our measurements of the effectiveness of neural networks at guessing passwords, ...

Rapid guessing is a test taking strategy recommended for increasing the probability of achieving high score if time limit prevents an examinee from responding to all items scale. The requires quickly and without cognitively processing item details. Although there may be no omitted responses after participants' rapid guessing, open question remains: d...

In RCTs using subjective outcomes, blinding of patients to treatment allocation is recommended. It is unknown whether two or three-group trial designs influence blinding success. We examined the success of blinding patients within a three or two-group pilot RCT in surgery. Cancer centres randomised patients to a three or twogroup trial comparing: (i) standard open surgery; (ii) combination open...

The extent to which a test's time limit alters test taker's performance is known as speededness. manifestation of speededness, or speeded behavior on test, can be in the form random guessing, leaving substantial proportion items unanswered, rushed test-taking general. Speeded responses do not depend solely ability and are therefore appropriate for traditional item response theory. literature me...

Online password guessing attacks are a serious threat to the integrity of online accounts. A common defense is ratelimiting, either by slowing down or blocking connections, or by requiring CAPTCHAs to be solved. Either of these options has serious drawbacks, facilitating denial of service attacks, being circumventable by proxies and CAPTCHA solving services, and offering bad usability to the le...