We show in detail how the presence of a heat bath of photons effectively gives charged particles in the final state of a decay process a temperature-dependent mass, and changes the effective strength of the force responsible for the decay. At low temperature, gauge invariance causes both these effects to be largely cancelled by absorption of photons from the heat bath and by stimulated emission...

We re-evaluate the nuclear matrix element for the proton-proton reaction p + p → H + e + νe, which is important for stellar-evolution calculations referring to stars with masses < ∼ 1M⊙ and for the solar-neutrino problem. We selfconsistently determine the effect of vacuum polarization on the matrix element by first correcting the low-energy scattering data to account for vacuum polarization. We...

The reaction kinetics of the hydrolysis, phosphatolysis, glutathionyl conjugation, and alpha-glutathione-S-transferase (GST)-catalyzed glutathione conjugation of [3H-ring]melphalan were investigated at pH 6.5 and 7.4. The distribution of products relative to the initial parent compound radioactivity over time was measured by HPLC and analyzed by nonlinear regression techniques using a system of...

The mechanism of the Sonogashira reaction in methanol was studied in detail using pressurized sample infusion electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (PSI-ESI-MS). Several key intermediates were identified and their structures were assigned by MS/MS studies. Cationic and anionic charged-tagged substrates were employed to look into the mechanism of this reaction from variety of angles. A rever...

in recent research on modelling road collisions very little attention has been paid  to rear-end chain reaction collisions, which is characterized by more than two vehicles involved in a collision at the same time. the core aim of the present research is to develop a methodology to estimate such potential collision probabilities based on a proactive perspective, where deceleration rate to avoid...

optimal conditions are used in nondynamical formalism to diagonalize the pionproton reaction matrix as much as possible. invariance laws are imposed to simplify the relationship between observables and bilinear combination of amplitudes. transverse amplitudes are determined by using measured polarization parameter in xfp elastic scattering at 6.0 gevic